Figure 3: Oxidative damage and activities of protective enzymes increased in R. glutinosa plants treated with FA or F. oxysporum.

Six-leaf-stage R. glutinosa seedlings were treated with FA, FO or FA+FO, and the contents of MDA (A), H2O2 (B), SOD (C), POD (D) and CAT (E) in the seedlings were measured at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after treatment. FA: ferulic acid; FO: F. oxysporum; FA+FO: F. oxysporum pre-treated with ferulic acid (100 μmol·L−1). Each treatment contained 6 plants and was performed in triplicate. The error bars represent the standard error of the mean. Different letters indicate significant differences between groups according to one-way ANOVA followed by a post-hoc LSD test (P < 0.05). The statistical analyses were only conducted within a given time point; the statistical differences between time points were not considered.