Table 1 Main kinematic movement parameters (mean ± std across subjects) for the three speed (S, N, F) and two load (no load, with load) conditions.
From: Adaptive use of interaction torque during arm reaching movement from the optimal control viewpoint
No load | With load | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | N | F | S | N | F | |
MD (s) | 0.85 ± 0.15 | 0.49 ± 0.07 | 0.32 ± 0.06 | 0.84 ± 0.14 | 0.52 ± 0.08 | 0.35 ± 0.07 |
Shinternal/external (°) | 11.3 ± 6.6 | 12.5 ± 6.3 | 14.1 ± 6.3 | 11.2 ± 5.5 | 12.7 ± 5.8 | 12.2 ± 6.2 |
Shelevation/depression (°) | 10.3 ± 7.0 | 11.4 ± 6.3 | 11.8 ± 6.5 | 9.9 ± 5.3 | 10.6 ± 5.2 | 11.2 ± 5.2 |
Shulnar/radial (°) | 96.4 ± 16.1 | 98.8 ± 15.9 | 100.5 ± 16.1 | 97.0 ± 15.1 | 99.5 ± 14.9 | 101.7 ± 16.1 |
Elextension/flexion (°) | 14.7 ± 8.6 | 14.6 ± 7.6 | 14.7 ± 6.9 | 13.1 ± 8.6 | 12.4 ± 8.7 | 12.9 ± 8.2 |
REAP (%) | 76.3 ± 7.9 | 74.2 ± 9.3 | 73.6 ± 9.3 | 74.4 ± 8.2 | 72.0 ± 8.9 | 71.3 ± 9.6 |
Cur | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 0.16 ± 0.04 |
Za (cm) | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.7 ± 0.7 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 0.6 ± 0.6 | 0.6 ± 0.5 |
Zp (cm) | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 |
