Table 3 Comparison of clinical symptoms and signs between cases and controls.
From: A Case-control Study on Risk Factors for Severe Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
Symptoms and signs | Cases (n = 459) | Controls (n = 246) | OR (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Fever (≥37.3 °C) | ||||
Yes | 455(98.7%) | 217(91.2%) | 7.3(3.1,20.1) | 2.3*10−5+(***) |
No | 6(1.3%) | 21(8.8%) | Reference | |
Highest Level of fever (°C) | 39.0 ± 0.6 | 38.9 ± 2.7 | 1.0(0.9,1.2) | 0.69 |
Twitch | ||||
Yes | 32(7.0%) | 9(3.7%) | 2.0(1.0,4.5) | 0.076 |
No | 425(93.0%) | 237(96.3%) | Reference | |
Startle | ||||
Yes | 16(3.5%) | 54(22.0%) | 0.1(0.1,0.2) | 5.8*10−12(***) |
No | 441(96.5%) | 192(78.1%) | Reference | |
Fatigue | ||||
Yes | 346(75.4%) | 14(5.7%) | 50.7(29.4,94.5) | 3.1*10−40(***) |
No | 113(24.6%) | 232(94.3%) | Reference | |
Limb trembling | ||||
Yes | 288(62.9%) | 13(5.3%) | 30.4(17.5,57.4) | 8*10−30(***) |
No | 170(37.1%) | 233(94.7%) | Reference | |
Runny nose | ||||
Yes | 24(5.2%) | 17(6.9%) | 0.7(0.4,1.4) | 0.36 |
No | 434(94.8%) | 228(93.1%) | Reference | |
Dyspnea | ||||
Yes | 61(13.3%) | 4(1.6%) | 9.3(3.8,30.9) | 2*10−5(***) |
No | 397(86.7%) | 242(98.4%) | Reference | |
Vomiting | ||||
Yes | 190(41.4%) | 29(11.8%) | 5.3 (3.5,8.3) | 3*10−14(***) |
No | 269(58.6%) | 217(88.2%) | Reference | |
Macula | ||||
Yes | 49(11.1%) | 5(2.0%) | 6.0(2.6,17.4) | 0.0001(***) |
No | 394(88.9%) | 241(98.0%) | Reference | |
Papule | ||||
Yes | 37(8.3%) | 30(12.2%) | 0.7(0.4,1.1) | 0.10(·) |
No | 407(91.7%) | 216(87.8%) | Reference | |
Maculopapule | ||||
Yes | 276(61.3%) | 17(6.9%) | 21.4(13.0,37.5) | 6*10−30(***) |
No | 174(38.7%) | 229(93.1%) | Reference | |
Herpes | ||||
Yes | 215(48.3%) | 183(76.3%) | 0.3(0.2,0.4) | 5*10−12(***) |
No | 230(51.7%) | 57(23.8%) | Reference | |
Rashes on hands | ||||
Yes | 412(90.2%) | 217(88.2%) | 1.2(0.7,2.0) | 0.42 |
No | 45(9.9%) | 29(11.8%) | Reference | |
Rashes on foot | ||||
Yes | 400(88.1%) | 218(89.3%) | 0.9(0.5,1.4) | 0.62 |
No | 54(11.9%) | 26(10.7%) | Reference | |
Rashes in the mouth | ||||
Yes | 144(32.1%) | 173(72.7%) | 0.2(0.1,0.3) | 2*10−22(***) |
No | 304(67.9%) | 65(27.3%) | Reference | |
Rashes on hips | ||||
Yes | 291(64.4%) | 119(48.4%) | 1.9(1.4,2.7) | 4.5*10−5(***) |
No | 161(35.6%) | 127(51.6%) | Reference | |
Rashes on trunks | ||||
Yes | 12(2.7%) | 19(7.7%) | 0.3(0.2,0.7) | 0.003(*) |
No | 434(97.3%) | 227(92.3%) | Reference | |
Rashes on limbs | ||||
Yes | 19(4.2%) | 32(13.0%) | 0.3(0.2,0.5) | 5.4*10−5(***) |
No | 429(95.8%) | 214(87.0%) | Reference | |
Ulcers or herpes in the mouth | ||||
Yes | 328(72.7%) | 203(82.5%) | 0.6(0.4,0.8) | 0.003(*) |
No | 123(27.3%) | 43(17.5%) | Reference | |
Ulcers on cheek | ||||
Yes | 60(13.7%) | 14(5.7%) | 2.6(1.5,5.0) | 0.001(**) |
No | 378(86.3%) | 231(94.3%) | Reference | |
Ulcers on buccopharyngeal | ||||
Yes | 125(28.3%) | 59(24.1%) | 1.2(0.9,1.8) | 0.228 |
No | 316(71.7%) | 186(75.9%) | Reference | |
Ulcers on lip mucosa | ||||
Yes | 45(10.3%) | 70(28.6%) | 0.3(0.2,0.4) | 3*10−9(***) |
No | 394(85.8%) | 175(71.4%) | Reference | |
