Table 2 Risk Factors for neovascular Age-related macular degeneration.
|  | Neovascular AMD (n = 456) vs Controls (n = 1,824) | Typical AMD (n = 215) vs Controls (n = 1,824) | PCV (n = 241) vs Controls (n = 1,824) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age and gender adjusted OR (95% CI) | p | Multiple Adjusted # OR (95% CI) | p | Age and gender adjusted OR (95%) | p | Multiple Adjusted* OR (95%) | p | Age and gender adjusted OR (95%) | p | Multiple Adjusted # OR (95%) | p | |
Age, years | 1.07 (1.06, 1.08) | <0.001 | 1.07 (1.05, 1.10) | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.07, 1.11) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.06, 1.13) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.04, 1.07) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) | 0.001 |
Gender, female | 0.87 (0.70, 1.08) | 0.199 | 0.55 (0.34, 0.86) | 0.010 | 0.76 (0.56, 1.03) | 0.079 | 0.48 (0.28, 0.83) | 0.009 | 0.92 (0.69, 1.22) | 0.552 | 0.56 (0.30, 1.03) | 0.064 |
Race | ||||||||||||
 Chinese | Reference | — | — | — | Reference |  | — | — | Reference |  | — | — |
 Malay | 1.02 (0.62, 1.66) | 0.944 | — | — | 1.03 (0.53, 1.99) | 0.940 | — | — | 0.94 (0.49, 1.80) | 0.853 | — | — |
 Indian | 1.33 (0.61, 2.89) | 0.477 | — | — | 1.30 (0.44, 3.87) | 0.3.6 | — | — | 1.32 (0.50, 3.48) | 0.579 | — | — |
Body Mass Index (BMI) | 1.06 (1.02, 1.09) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.03, 1.13) | 0.002 | 1.06 (1.02, 1.11) | 0.004 | 1.09 (1.02, 1.16) | 0.014 | 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) | 0.013 | 1.07 (1.01, 1.14) | 0.027 |
Hypertension | 0.72 (0.57, 0.93) | 0.011 | 0.73 (0.49, 1.10) | 0.131 | 0.71 (0.50, 1.01) | 0.054 | 0.49 (0.28, 0.84) | 0.010 | 0.73 (0.53, 1.00) | 0.047 | 0.91 (0.54, 1.53) | 0.728 |
Creatinine | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) | 0.203 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) | 0.235 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 0.686 | — | — | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) | 0.118 | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00) | 0.200 |
Smoking status | ||||||||||||
 Nonsmoker | Reference |  | Reference |  | Reference |  | — | — | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 Current smoker | 1.51 (1.08, 2.11) | 0.015 | 1.37 (0.83, 2.28) | 0.222 | 1.25 (0.78, 2.01) | 0.349 |  |  | 1.77 (1.17, 2.70) | 0.007 | 1.33 (0.69, 2.55) | 0.392 |
 Past smoker | 1.35 (0.99, 1.83) | 0.056 | 1.28 (0.82, 2.00) | 0.274 | 1.14 (0.75, 1.73) | 0.544 | — | — | 1.53 (1.03, 2.28) | 0.036 | 1.47 (0.84, 2.56) | 0.180 |
Current and past smoker | ||||||||||||
 No | Reference |  | Reference |  | Reference |  | — | — | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 Yes | 1.35 (0.99, 1.83) | 0.058 | 1.24 (0.77, 2.00) | 0.366 | 1.19 (0.77, 1.86) | 0.435 |  |  | 1.50 (1.02, 2.21) | 0.038 | 1.15 (0.62, 2.10) | 0.662 |
Cardiovascular disease | 1.06 (0.75, 1.49) | 0.734 | — | — | 1.08 (0.69, 1.70) | 0.732 | — | — | 1.00 (0.64, 1.57) | 0.997 | — | — |
Stroke | 1.13 (0.66, 1.93) | 0.665 | — | — | 0.85 (0.39, 1.86) | 0.692 | — | — | 1.38 (0.72, 2.66) | 0.331 | — | — |
 Diabetes | 0.87 (0.69, 1.09) | 0.216 | 1.17 (0.76, 1.82) | 0.476 | 0.94 (0.69, 1.27) | 0.680 | — | — | 0.81 (0.61, 1.08) | 0.156 | 1.20 (0.67, 2.13) | 0.542 |
 Glucose | 0.99 (0.92, 1.06) | 0.765 | — | — | 1.03 (0.94, 1.12) | 0.536 | — | — | 0.96 (0.86, 1.06) | 0.397 | — | — |
 HbA1c | 0.92 (0.80, 1.05) | 0.203 | 0.86 (0.66, 1.13) | 0.277 | 0.97 (0.81, 1.16) | 0.734 | — | — | 0.87 (0.73, 1.05) | 0.154 | 0.71 (0.47, 1.07) | 0.102 |
Total Cholesterol | 0.87 (0.78, 0.97) | 0.012 | 0.87 (0.73, 1.03) | 0.108 | 0.89 (0.76, 1.03) | 0.126 | 0.88 (0.68, 1.13) | 0.322 | 0.85 (0.73, 0.98) | 0.026 | 0.85 (0.68, 1.05) | 0.137 |
LDL-cholesterol | 0.99 (0.83, 1.16) | 0.874 | — | — | 1.08 (0.86, 1.35) | 0.513 | — | — | 0.92 (0.74, 1.15) | 0.461 | — | — |
HDL-cholesterol | 1.95 (1.36, 2.77) | <0.001 | 2.51 (1.63, 3.86) | <0.001 | 2.30 (1.44, 3.69) | 0.001 | 3.36 (1.91, 5.91) | <0.001 | 1.59 (0.98, 2.57) | 0.062 | 1.84 (1.02, 3.35) | 0.045 |
Axial Length | 0.84 (0.77, 0.92) | <0.001 | 0.84 (0.74, 0.97) | 0.015 | 0.88 (0.80, 0.98) | 0.018 | 0.84 (0.70, 1.01) | 0.064 | 0.78 (0.69, 0.89) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.71, 0.99) | 0.034 |
Pseudophakia | 1.43 (1.09, 1.87) | 0.010 | 1.69 (1.13, 2.55) | 0.011 | 1.56 (1.09, 2.21) | 0.014 | 2.20 (1.28, 3.80) | 0.005 | 1.30 (0.91, 1.84) | 0.151 | 1.53 (0.89, 2.63) | 0.128 |
