Table 2 Characteristics of adults who did and did not develop type 2 diabetes at the time of first health examination (April 2006 to March 2007), according to body mass index trajectory patterns.

From: Body mass index trajectory patterns and changes in visceral fat and glucose metabolism before the onset of type 2 diabetes

 

Developed diabetes

P-trend a

Diabetes not developed

P-trend

Low BMI

Medium BMI

High BMI

Low BMI

Medium BMI

High BMI

Number of participants

728 (38.5)

898 (47.5)

266 (14.1)

 

7,887 (35.7)

10,924 (49.5)

3,275 (14.8)

 

Age, year

48.4 ± 7.1

46.8 ± 7.3

42.0 ± 6.8

<0.001

44.6 ± 8.2

45.6 ± 8.1

44.2 ± 7.7

0.68

Sex, % men

684 (94.0)

845 (94.1)

245 (92.1)

0.42

6,345 (80.5)

10,082 (92.3)

2,998 (91.2)

<0.001

BMI, kg/m2

21.9 ± 1.8

26.0 ± 1.5

31.4 ± 2.8

<0.001

20.3 ± 1.5

23.8 ± 1.5

28.1 ± 2.3

<0.001

Visceral fat, cm2

106 ± 47

152 ± 44

195 ± 54

<0.001

78 ± 42

118 ± 42

157 ± 46

<0.001

Subcutaneous fat, cm2

102 ± 35

158 ± 40

283 ± 89

<0.001

92 ± 36

135 ± 38

203 ± 60

<0.001

Visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio

1.0 ± 0.4

1.0 ± 0.4

0.8 ± 0.3

0.001

0.9 ± 0.4

0.9 ± 0.3

0.8 ± 0.3

0.12

Hypertension, %

166 (22.8)

289 (32.2)

111 (41.7)

<0.001

804 (10.2)

1,844 (16.9)

901 (27.5)

<0.001

Fasting glucose, mmol/L

5.9 ± 0.5

5.9 ± 0.5

5.7 ± 0.6

<0.001

5.2 ± 0.5

5.4 ± 0.5

5.5 ± 0.5

<0.001

HbA1c, %

5.8 ± 0.3

5.9 ± 0.3

5.9 ± 0.3

0.21

5.4 ± 0.3

5.5 ± 0.3

5.6 ± 0.3

<0.001

Fasting insulin, μU/mL

5.3 ± 2.9

8.7 ± 4.0

15.6 ± 6.7

<0.001

4.4 ± 2.3

6.2 ± 3.2

9.3 ± 4.7

<0.001

HOMA-IR

1.4 ± 0.8

2.4 ± 1.1

4.1 ± 1.7

<0.001

1.1 ± 0.6

1.6 ± 0.8

2.3 ± 1.2

<0.001

HOMA-β

40.9 ± 22.0

68.9 ± 35.2

135.5 ± 78.6

<0.001

44.5 ± 23.1

59.0 ± 30.7

88.2 ± 45.8

<0.001

HOMA-β/HOMA-IR

30.3 ± 9.5

30.2 ± 9.4

32.8 ± 11.4

0.35

43.9 ± 13.6

40.0 ± 11.9

39.0 ± 9.8

<0.001

Family history of diabetes, %

174 (23.9)

205 (22.8)

54 (20.3)

0.25

989 (12.5)

1,433 (13.1)

449 (13.7)

0.08

Smoking, %

359 (49.3)

415 (46.2)

130 (48.9)

0.58

3,231 (41.0)

4,569 (41.8)

1,431 (43.7)

0.01

Heavy alcohol use, % b

100 (13.7)

99 (11.0)

18 (6.8)

0.002

778 (9.9)

1,134 (10.4)

283 (8.6)

0.23

Sleeping <6 h/d, %

334 (45.9)

474 (52.8)

175 (65.8)

<0.001

3,812 (48.3)

5,583 (51.1)

1,848 (56.4)

<0.001

Low leisure exercise, % c

598 (82.1)

755 (84.1)

226 (85.0)

0.22

6,552 (83.1)

8,785 (80.4)

2,648 (80.9)

<0.001

Sedentary work, %

435 (59.8)

561 (62.5)

178 (66.9)

0.04

4,596 (58.3)

6,880 (63.0)

2,083 (63.6)

<0.001

Long overtime work, % d

232 (31.9)

377 (42.0)

98 (36.8)

0.007

2,704 (34.3)

4,302 (39.4)

1,311 (40.0)

<0.001

Shift work, %

107 (14.7)

155 (17.3)

57 (21.4)

0.012

1,413 (17.9)

1,883 (17.2)

660 (20.2)

0.059

Low commuting activity, % e

352 (48.4)

441 (49.1)

143 (53.8)

0.19

4,259 (54.0)

5,738 (52.5)

1,788 (54.6)

0.84

  1. aP values for trend was calculated using linear regression for continuous variables and logistic regression for categorical variables, respectively
  2. b≥2 go of Japanese sake equivalent per day.
  3. c<7.5 metabolic equivalent hours per week.
  4. d≥45 hours of overtime per month.
  5. e<20 min of walking for commuting to and from work.
  6. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR; homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment for β cell function. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables and number (percentage) for categorical variables. Data on visceral adiposity, fasting insulin, and HOMAs are available among subgroups; numbers (percentage) in each subcategory are shown in Supplementary Table S1.
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