Table 1 Metabolic parameters of experimental groups at after 4 weeks of treatments.

From: DPP-4 Inhibitor and Estrogen Share Similar Efficacy Against Cardiac Ischemic-Reperfusion Injury in Obese-Insulin Resistant and Estrogen-Deprived Female Rats

Parameters

NDS

NDO

HFO

Ve

E

Vil

Ve

E

Vil

Body weight (g)

300 ± 14

338 ± 7*

304 ± 8†

333 ± 11*

393 ± 10†

351 ± 6—

394 ± 8

Visceral fat (g)

14.7 ± 1.4

14.5 ± 1.7

11.2 ± 1.8

12.0 ± 1.0

30.8 ± 1.7†

20.5 ± 2.3—

29.1 ± 2.9

Uterus weight (g)

0.38 ± 0.0

0.07 ± 0.0*

0.40 ± 0.0†

0.06 ± 0.0*

0.06 ± 0.0

0.36 ± 0.0—

0.06 ± 0.0

Glucose (mg/dl)

130.7 ± 2.3

184.2 ± 3.5*

134.4 ± 3.9†

134.0 ± 3.9†

233.4 ± 4.5†

147.1 ± 4.6—

148.5 ± 5.5—

Insulin (ng/ml)

1.06 ± 0.0

2.40 ± 0.2*

1.17 ± 0.0†

1.16 ± 0.5†

2.68 ± 0.2

1.26 ± 0.0—

1.23 ± 0.0—

HOMA index

8.42 ± 0.4

21.36 ± 1.3*

9.13 ± 0.5†

8.97 ± 0.6†

29.93 ± 2.1†

11.33 ± 0.4—

10.04 ± 0.7—

Cholesterol (mg/dl)

70.4 ± 3.1

101.5 ± 4.12*

80.6 ± 4.6

78.4 ± 4.8

160.0 ± 5.0†

145.9 ± 8.0

145.1 ± 12.6

HDL (mg/dl)

41.7 ± 2.7

32.3 ± 1.7*

41.0 ± 1.8†

39.9 ± 1.7†

27.9 ± 2.4

41.0 ± 3.3—

41.4 ± 4.1—

LDL (mg/dl)

29.1 ± 2.1

53.2 ± 3.3*

30.9 ± 6.9†

32.9 ± 6.1†

114.4 ± 4.5†

86.2 ± 5.9—

82.7 ± 16.8—

Triglyceride (mg/dl)

50.1 ± 4.4

57.4 ± 5.9

51.2 ± 5.5

51.3 ± 4.3

59.0 ± 4.9

52.3 ± 3.9

52.1 ± 6.7

Estradiol level (pg/ml)

143 ± 5

53 ± 3*

196 ± 21*†

59 ± 6*

56 ± 8

202 ± 24—

53 ± 11

Serum MDA (μmol/ml)

5.56 ± 0.2

6.18 ± 0.1*

5.42 ± 0.3†

5.31 ± 0.2†

6.28 ± 0.1

5.38 ± 0.2—

5.40 ± 0.1—

Tissue MDA (μmol/ml)

4.71 ± 1.1

7.76 ± 1.1*

4.48 ± 0.6†

3.85 ± 0.58†

7.94 ± 1.1

4.58 ± 0.4—

4.63 ± 0.8—

Food intake (gram/day)

15.6 ± 0.0

15.2 ± 0.3

14.2 ± 0.1

14.3 ± 0.3

18.6 ± 0.2†

18.6 ± 0.2

17.9 ± 0.5

  1. Values are mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05 vs NDS, †P < 0.05 vs NDOVe, and —P < 0.05 vs HFOVe. NDS, normal-diet fed sham-operated rats; NDO, normal-diet fed ovariectomized rats; HFO, high-fat-diet fed ovariectomized rats; Ve, vehicle; E, estradiol; Vil, vildagliptin; HOMA, Homeostasis Model Assessment; MDA, Malondialdehyde.