Table 2 Paired difference tests between the study time-points (TPs).

	N	Paired groups	p value (2-tailed)	Effect size Cohen’d
Alcohol consumption	36	TP1 vs TP2	0.00^a	1.1
Alcohol consumption	36	TP2 vs TP3	0.00^a	1.1
Nicotine consumption	36	TP1 vs TP2	0.00^a	0.3
Basic semen parameters
Volume	36	TP1 vs TP2	0.02^a	0.4
		TP1 vs TP3	0.00^a	0.8
		TP2 vs TP3	0.04^a	0.3
Concentration	36	TP1 vs TP3	0.04^a	0.3
Total number of spermatozoa	36	TP1 vs TP3	0.00^a	0.8
Progressive motility	36	TP1 vs TP2	0.01^a	0.4
Non-progressive motility	36	TP1 vs TP2	0.04^a	0.5
Non-progressive motility	36	TP1 vs TP3	0.002^a	0.8
Immotile	36	TP1 vs TP2	0.05^a	0.3
Normal morphology	36	TP1 vs TP2	0.00^a	0.4
Normal morphology	36	TP1 vs TP3	0.00^a	0.5
Head defects	36	TP1 vs TP2	0.00^a	0.6
Head defects	36	TP2 vs TP3	0.001^a	0.5
Midpiece defects	36	TP1 vs TP2	0.00^a	0.6
Midpiece defects	36	TP1 vs TP3	0.00^a	0.5
Oxidative stress markers
3-Nitrotyrosine (3-NT)	24	TP2 vs TP3	0.01^b	0.3
Epididymal and accessory sex glands markers
Citric acid	12	TP1 vs TP3	0.03^a	1.0
Frutose	12	TP1 vs TP3	0.02^a	0.5
Frutose	12	TP2 vs TP3	0.04^a	0.4
Neutral α-glucosidase	12	TP1 vs TP3	0.02^a	0.7
Neutral α-glucosidase	12	TP2 vs TP3	0.04^c	0.5

^aT-test; ^bWilcoxon Signed Ranks test (asymp. sig.); ^cSign test (exact sig.) - Binomial distribution used.

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