Table 1 Demographic data and ELA for patients with MDD and healthy controls

From: Reduced expression of glucocorticoid-inducible genes GILZ and SGK-1: high IL-6 levels are associated with reduced hippocampal volumes in major depressive disorder

 

Patients ( N= 40)

Controls ( N= 43)

Stat (P -value)

Age (years)

41.4 (10.9)

37.0 (13.7)

t=1.6, df=1, 81, (P=0.1)

Gender (female/male)

24/16

25/18

χ2=0.03, (P=0.86)

Height (cm)

171.9 (8.0)

172.3 (10.4)

t=−0.19, df=1, 81, (P=0.85)

Weight (kg)

75.6 (15.1)

70.9 (16.0)

t=1.4, df=1, 81, (P=0.18)

Alcohol (units)

3.9 (6.0)

5.0 (6.2)

t=−0.8, df=1, 81, (P=0.40)

Hamilton depression score

28.0 (6.5)

2.7 (2.9)

t=26.0, df=1, 81, (P<0.001)

Childhood maltreatment total

48.1 (21.7)

31.1 (5.7)

t=4.9, df=1, 81, (P<0.001)

Age of onset

25.1 (12.4)

  

Cumulative illness duration

9.8 (10.1)

  

Medication (free/SSRI /dual acting/valdoxan)

11/14/15

  

Hippocampus left (ml)

3.40 (0.49)

3.65 (0.41)

F=6.4, df=1, 79, (P=0.013)

Hippocampus right (ml)

3.56 (0.50)

3.81 (0.45)

F=5.8, df=1, 79, (P=0.019)

Amygdala left (ml)

1.62 (0.22)

1.68 (0.23)

F=1.5, df=1, 79, (P=0.22)

Amygdala right (ml)

1.67 (0.20)

1.70 (0.21)

F=0.3, df=1, 79, (P=0.57)

CRP

2.7 (3.0)

1.4 (1.8)

Mann–Whitney U, ( Z=2.9, P=0.004)

IL-6

13.3 (15.9)

9.9 (14.8)

Mann–Whitney U, (Z=2.1, P=0.04)

GILZ mRNA

0.91 (0.24)

0.99 (0.25)

Mann–Whitney U, (Z=1.4, P=0.16)

SGK-1 mRNA

0.96 (0.35)

1.0 (0.37)

Mann–Whitney U, (Z=0.44, P=0.66)

GR mRNA

1.0 (0.25)

1.0 (0.18)

Mann–Whitney U, (Z=0.36, P=0.72)

  1. Abbreviations: ANCOVA, analysis of covariance; CRP, C-reactive protein; CTQ, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; ELA, early life adversity; IL, interleukin; GILZ, glucocorticoid-inducible genes Leucin Zipper; GR, glucocorticoid receptor; MDD, major depressive disorder; SGK-1, serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-1; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibiter.
  2. Depicted are demographic variables age, gender, height, weight and actual alcohol consumption. Moreover, clinical data depression severity measured with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, childhood maltreatment derived as total score from the CTQ, whole hippocampal and amygdala volumes and inflammation markers are indicated for patients and controls. Demographic data were tested by Student's t-test (gender with χ2 test), hippocampal and amygdala volumes were subjects to ANCOVA using group as independent factor and age as well as total brain volume as covariates and inflammation markers were tested using Mann–Whitney U-test.
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