Figure 1
From: Too hard to control: compromised pain anticipation and modulation in mild traumatic brain injury
Whole brain activation during pain anticipation. (a) Significant whole brain activation during high versus low-pain anticipation in both groups (see Table 2 top for details). Both groups show significantly increased activation within bilateral anterior insulas, several regions within the prefrontal cortex, bilateral middle temporal gyri, posterior parietal lobule, right inferior occipital gyrus, right parahippocampal gyrus and the midbrain. Bar graphs indicate percent signal changes (PSC) and show that activation within these regions was comparable between the two groups. Right=left. (b) Significant between-group differences in whole brain activation during pain anticipation (see Table 2 top for details). Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) relative to healthy control (HC) subjects show increased activation within midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG), the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), left cuneus. No decreased activation in MTBI relative to HC was observed. Bar graphs indicate PSC in right dlPFC (top) and PAG (bottom) during anticipation period (indicated by the boarder) and during pain period for comparison. Right=left. *P<0.05; ***P<0.001. LAI, left anterior insula; PPL, posterior parietal lobule; RAI, right anterior insula; vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
