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CRISPR systems, which are composed of direct repeats that are separated by similarly sized non-repetitive spacers, confer resistance to phages in many bacteria and most archaea. This new antiviral tactic is thought to involve an RNA-interference-like mechanism, and is reviewed in this Progress article.
Shigellause a type III secretion system to deliver effector proteins into the host-cell cytoplasm, where they can usurp host-cell functions and signalling pathways. In this Progress article, Chihiro Sasakawa and colleagues highlight the most recent advances in our understanding of the exact functions of the manyShigellatype III-secreted effectors.
