Review Articles in 2024

Neuromodulation has been used in the treatment of overactive bladder for almost 40 years. Several studies have confirmed its clinical effect. In this Review, existing evidence related to the mechanism of action of neuromodulation is synthesized.

The circadian rhythm has a crucial role in regulating nocturia. In this Review, the authors discuss how the brain–kidney–bladder circadian axis can lead to nocturia, prompted by the rationale that understanding these disruptions can lead to developing effective treatments targeting circadian rhythms.

In this Review, the authors provide an overview of molecular imaging in renal cell carcinoma, discussing the role of molecular imaging approaches in renal cell carcinoma diagnosis, treatment and response monitoring.

Metastatic urothelial cancer exhibits substantial molecular heterogeneity compared with the primary tumour, complicating the development of accurate biomarkers. Pre-treatment metastatic biopsies capture real-time tumour biology and can enhance response predictions for targeted therapies, improving patient selection for precision oncology.

Examination of racial disparities in prostate cancer in the USA and UK highlights systemic, socio-economic and sociocultural factors that might contribute to these differences. Understanding behavioural medicine might inform and improve the way in which the health-care system can engage with patients in minorities who are affected by this disease.

Feedback mechanisms between androgen and IGF1 signalling pathways have been linked to the development, progression and hormone refractoriness of prostate cancer. In this Review, the dynamic regulation of androgen and IGF1 signalling in prostatic epithelia and stroma are described and the implications for future preventative and therapeutic strategies are explored.

Here, the authors describe the evidence concerning plant-based dietary patterns and omnivorous diets with reduced consumption of animal-based food and increased consumption of plant-based foods and their associations with the most common urological cancers and benign urological conditions.

Mounting evidence indicates that sperm RNAs have important functions in spermatogonial processes and are potential markers in the diagnosis of and decision-making for male idiopathic infertility. Here, the authors describe current evidence and suggest necessary future studies to translate this evidence into clinical practice.

In this Review, the authors provide a comprehensive overview of videourodynamics, discussing terminology, technique, findings, limitations and future perspectives associated with this approach.

This Review focusses on what is known about the interactions between conventional radiotherapy and the immune system. The authors discuss how this knowledge can be applied to investigate gaps regarding the immune interactions of molecular radiotherapies.

In this Review, the authors provide an overview of currently available genomic and transcriptomic biomarkers of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer progression. Both single-gene biomarkers and gene signature are discussed, with the aim of identifying markers close to clinical implementation and providing insights for future research in this field.

Cystoscopy and transurethral resection of the bladder tumour are crucial in bladder cancer diagnosis, treatment and surveillance. Advances in enhanced cystoscopy technologies and artificial intelligence offer promising avenues to address the unmet need to improve tumour delineation and resection.

This review explores the basic biology of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and its growing significance in molecular imaging and treatment. It emphasizes the importance of understanding PSMA regulation and heterogeneity for the effective application of PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy.

In this Review, the authors discuss advantages and complications associated with renal mass biopsy and provide an overview of different features of both well-recognized types of renal cell carcinoma and newly identified subtypes to improve diagnosis and management.

In this Review, the authors provide urologists and other interested physicians with an improved understanding of the multifactorial pathophysiology underlying the correlation between obstructive sleep apnoea and nocturia. They describe current evidence, identify topics for future research, and provide practical recommendations for managing patients with this complex condition.

In this Review, the authors comprehensively assess current models of bladder cancer with an emphasis on the N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine-induced bladder cancer model owing to its high fidelity to the human condition.

Antibiotic-resistant uropathogenic bacteria are becoming increasingly prevalent. In this Review, strategies for clinicians and researchers to address this challenge are delineated, including implementation of policies, stewardship practices, and the exploration of emerging therapeutic targets aimed at mitigating antibiotic resistance.

Urothelial cancer is the tenth most diagnosed cancer worldwide, and between 5% and 10% of patients have metastatic disease at diagnosis. Furthermore, up to 50% of patients are ineligible for cisplatin, the first-line treatment option, and require alternative options. In this comprehensive Review, the authors discuss the current and future therapeutic options for advanced urothelial cancer, including chemotherapeutics, targeted therapies and antibody–drug conjugates, and consider how these agents might change patient management.

In this Review, the authors discuss hypoxia signalling and therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway in renal cell carcinoma, with a specific focus on clear cell renal cell carcinoma, in which hypoxia signalling is primarily driven by Von Hippel–Lindau tumour suppressor (VHL) loss.

In this Review, the authors provide a comprehensive overview of the epidemiological characteristics, prognosis, biological mechanisms, detection methods and treatment options for liver metastasis in prostate cancer. Guidance for future research directions in the field is also provided.