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Skill transfer depends on how tasks are structured, who is trained, and how they experience stress. This study demonstrates that individual differences in emotion-cognition traits and physiological responses shape divergent transfer trajectories.

Single-cell manipulation and processing techniques and improvements in mass spectrometry sensitivity make single-cell proteomic profiling feasible. This study presents a label-free approach for the characterisation of native N-glycans of single mammalian cells and ng-level blood isolates, demonstrating the potential to detect cell surface glycome changes at the single-cell level in health or disease.

The 4D Nucleome Project demonstrates the use of genomic assays and computational methods to measure genome folding and then predict genomic structure from DNA sequence, facilitating the discovery of potential effects of genetic variants, including variants associated with disease, on genome structure and function.

Here the authors characterise the cellular and molecular progression of lung alveolar damage in severe COVID-19 patients using integrated histopathology and cell atlassing, pinpointing a role for macrophage SPP1 signalling to vasculature in this process.

The CMS Collaboration reports the measurement of the spin, parity, and charge conjugation properties of all-charm tetraquarks, exotic fleeting particles formed in proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

Xie and colleagues show that MRI-based brain function maps can identify patient-specific abnormalities in temporal lobe epilepsy, track how they spread along brain networks, and help diagnose, lateralize seizure focus, and predict surgical outcomes.

Different types of SETBP1 variants cause variable developmental syndromes with only partial clinical and functional overlaps. Here, the authors report that SETBP1 variants outside the degron region impair DNA-binding, transcription, and neuronal differentiation capacity and morphologies.

DNA damage can arise from natural cellular processes, but how cells prevent resulting mutations is unclear. Here, the authors show that the enzyme Polκ protects mouse tissues from mutations caused by endogenous guanine lesions, revealing how DNA repair and damage tolerance pathways cooperate to maintain genome integrity.

A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across different populations highlights new risk loci and provides a genetic risk score that can stratify prostate cancer risk across ancestries.

In this work, the authors identify regulators of actin filament assembly involved in chiral organisation of the actin cytoskeleton in single cells and chiral alignment of cells in groups. This provides insights into how actin-driven chirality underlies tissue and organ asymmetry.

Large language models automate event segmentation and recall scoring with human-level accuracy. LLMs identify event boundaries more consistently than humans themselves, while semantic embeddings enable scalable memory assessments, advancing AI-driven cognitive research.

Venous tumour thrombus can occur within renal cell carcinoma, and can require complex additional surgery and treatment. Here, the authors analyse multiparametric data from patients treated with axitinib and develop a machine learning model to predict neoadjuvant treatment response.

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an anti-inflammatory drug proposed as a treatment for COVID19. Here the results are reported from a randomised trial testing DMF treatment in 713 patients hospitalised with COVID-19. DMF was not associated with any improvement in day 5 outcomes.

The measurement of the total cross-section of proton–proton collisions is of fundamental importance for particle physics. Here, the first measurement of the inelastic cross-section is presented for proton–proton collisions at an energy of 7 teraelectronvolts using the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider.

Quantum electrodynamics predicts a rare process in which light is scattered by light. The ATLAS Collaboration reports signs of this elusive effect in the collisions of ultra-relativistic lead ions.

For many neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) risk genes, the significance for mutational burden is unestablished. Here, the authors sequence 125 candidate NDD genes in over 16,000 NDD cases; case-control mutational burden analysis identifies 48 genes with a significant burden of severe ultra-rare mutations.

Carbon isotopic analysis reveals global biogeographic traits in shark trophic interactions, and sheds light on the diverse foraging behaviour of sharks.

Andrew Morris, Mark McCarthy, Michael Boehnke and colleagues report a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for type 2 diabetes, including 26,488 cases and 83,964 controls from populations of European, east Asian, south Asian and Mexican and Mexican American ancestry. They identify seven loci newly associated with type 2 diabetes and examine the genetic architecture of disease across populations.

Patagia—the mammalian gliding membrane—repeatedly originated through a process of convergent genomic evolution, whereby the regulation of Emx2 was altered by distinct cis-regulatory elements in independently evolved species.

Antony et al. examine the link between multi-event long-term surprises and memory formation. Combined analysis of basketball fan questionnaires and public NBA data shows that surprising events are associated with better memory across timescales.

Analysing global high-resolution three-dimensional maps of forest structure, the authors show that only half of the world’s remaining moist tropical forest has both high structural integrity and low human pressure, and they outline a framework for its conservation and restoration.

A multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of prostate cancer performed in 156,319 cases and 788,443 controls identifies 187 novel risk variants associated with the disease. Genetic risk scores associated with overall risk, and risk of aggressive disease in men of African ancestry.

Combining transcriptomics, mathematical modelling and in vivo gene editing, this study shows that Sfrp2 contributes to stripe formation and hair colour in the African striped mouse.

Ocean heatwaves displace surface isotherms by tens to thousands of kilometres—comparable to shifts associated with long-term warming trends—potentially driving rapid redistributions of marine species.

Glycans can serve as disease biomarkers. Here, the authors use label-free capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for N-glycan profiling of minute sample amounts, resolving and characterizing previously undetected highly sialylated glycans and linkage isomers in a single analysis.

Combined analysis of proton-proton collision data from the Large Hadron Collider at CERN by the CMS and LHCb collaborations leads to the observation of the extremely rare decay of the strange B meson into muons; the result is compatible with the standard model of particle physics, and does not show any signs of new physics, such as supersymmetry.

Although our lives are continuous, we perceive and remember experiences as discrete events. Here, the authors show that neural responses at event boundaries in the hippocampus and Posterior Medial cortical network decline as we age, and predict memory for narrative events.

Selective inhibitors of protein methyltransferases are anticancer drug candidates. Yu et al. report the structural changes that occur when selective inhibitors bind to the protein methyltransferase DOT1L.

The Wnt pathway is one of the core de-regulated pathways in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and is activated in only a subset of patients; however, no universal drivers of the disease have been identified. Here the authors show that Notch2 and β-catenin pathways are the main drivers of the pro-survival bidirectional crosstalk between stromal cells and leukemic cells.

In this Review, the authors discuss how various immunotherapies for neuroimmunological diseases interact with vaccination responses, including responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations, and the implications for the safe and effective use of vaccines in patients with these diseases.

A community of researchers working in the emerging field of single-cell proteomics propose best-practice experimental and computational recommendations and reporting guidelines for studies analyzing proteins from single cells by mass spectrometry.

A multilaboratory analysis characterized the ability of 27 different labs to identify 20 proteins at equimolar concentrations in a highly purified test sample mixture using mass spectrometry. The results show that while the technology is reproducible, many common experimental problems arise, and improved search engines and databases are still needed.