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A large brain imaging study of over 2000 people worldwide shows that fear conditioning engages brain regions linked to emotion and attention, with differences in individuals with anxiety or depression and strong influences from task design.

Analyses of 2,658 whole genomes across 38 types of cancer identify the contribution of non-coding point mutations and structural variants to driving cancer.

Trumpp and colleagues develop a method to obtain long-term circulating tumor cell-derived organoids from individuals with metastatic breast cancer and identify the neuregulin 1–HER3 axis as important for organoid growth and a promising therapeutic target.

Activation of mechanophores in polymers is desirable but generally a slow process. Here, the authors report the use of polymeric microbubbles activated by high-frequency ultrasound to exert compressive force and give mechanochemical transformations.

A purpose-built implantable system based on biomimetic epidural electrical stimulation of the spinal cord reduces the severity of hypotensive complications in people with spinal cord injury and improves quality of life.

Unconventional protein secretion emerges as an important mechanism in aggregate-prone protein removal. Here, the authors demonstrate that Plekhg5 mediates the unconventional secretion of Sod1 by presynaptic secretory autophagy.

A change material properties on application of stimuli is a useful property for hydrogels, but mechano-responsiveness in such materials is challenging to achieve. Here, the authors report a strain-responsive hydrogel, controlled by the activity of enzymes within the material.

Although electrometers based on quantum defects have advanced, achieving time-resolved detection of charges with subnanometer resolution remains challenging. Here the authors use a negatively charged tin-vacancy center in diamond to distinguish charge traps at the lattice scale with high temporal precision.

Understanding deregulation of biological pathways in cancer can provide insight into disease etiology and potential therapies. Here, as part of the PanCancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) consortium, the authors present pathway and network analysis of 2583 whole cancer genomes from 27 tumour types.

Analysis of cancer genome sequencing data has enabled the discovery of driver mutations. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium the authors present DriverPower, a software package that identifies coding and non-coding driver mutations within cancer whole genomes via consideration of mutational burden and functional impact evidence.

Multi-omics datasets pose major challenges to data interpretation and hypothesis generation owing to their high-dimensional molecular profiles. Here, the authors develop ActivePathways method, which uses data fusion techniques for integrative pathway analysis of multi-omics data and candidate gene discovery.

Phage capsids modified with spatially defined patterns of host cell ligands can act as multivalent binders for the influenza A virus to prevent viral infection.

Implantation of a multielectrode paddle that allows personalized electrical stimulation to all regions of the spinal cord involved in leg and trunk movements rapidly restores motor function in patients with spinal cord injury with complete paralysis.

A multigenerational single-cell tracking approach provides a framework to dissect phenotypic plasticity at the single-cell level, offering insights into cellular processes that may resemble early events during cancer development.

In a multicenter, randomized trial, patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction who underwent a regimen of combined endurance and resistance exercise training over the course of 1 year did not show a statistically significant improvement in the modified Packer score—the primary efficacy endpoint—as compared to patients who received usual care, but they did show improvements in secondary endpoints for maximal oxygen consumption and NYHA heart failure class.

The mechanism underlying packaging of the 8 segments of the influenza virus genome into virions is not well understood. Here, the authors use a multiplexed FISH assay to monitor the 8 segments in parallel in infected cells suggesting bundling routes during the packaging process.

Selective modifications of structurally complex molecules bearing multiple reactive functional groups often require cumbersome multistep synthetic efforts. Here, aptameric protective groups based on short RNA sequences are described — they bind to neamine antibiotics, simultaneously protecting several functionalities and enabling regio- and chemoselective functionalizations.

There’s an emerging body of evidence to show how biological sex impacts cancer incidence, treatment and underlying biology. Here, using a large pan-cancer dataset, the authors further highlight how sex differences shape the cancer genome.

In somatic cells the mechanisms maintaining the chromosome ends are normally inactivated; however, cancer cells can re-activate these pathways to support continuous growth. Here, the authors characterize the telomeric landscapes across tumour types and identify genomic alterations associated with different telomere maintenance mechanisms.

With the generation of large pan-cancer whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing projects, a question remains about how comparable these datasets are. Here, using The Cancer Genome Atlas samples analysed as part of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes project, the authors explore the concordance of mutations called by whole exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing techniques.

The flagship paper of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium describes the generation of the integrative analyses of 2,658 cancer whole genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types, the structures for international data sharing and standardized analyses, and the main scientific findings from across the consortium studies.

Integrative analyses of transcriptome and whole-genome sequencing data for 1,188 tumours across 27 types of cancer are used to provide a comprehensive catalogue of RNA-level alterations in cancer.

Whole-genome sequencing data from more than 2,500 cancers of 38 tumour types reveal 16 signatures that can be used to classify somatic structural variants, highlighting the diversity of genomic rearrangements in cancer.

Viral pathogen load in cancer genomes is estimated through analysis of sequencing data from 2,656 tumors across 35 cancer types using multiple pathogen-detection pipelines, identifying viruses in 382 genomic and 68 transcriptome datasets.

A pan-cancer genomic analysis reports the effects of structural variations on chromatin domains (TADs). Most TAD disruptions do not result in appreciable changes in expression of nearby genes.

An analysis of 2,954 genomes from 38 cancer subtypes identified 19,166 retrotransposition events in 35% of samples. Aberrant LINE-1 retrotranspositions can lead to the deletion of tumor-suppressor genes as well as the amplification of oncogenes.

Whole-genome sequencing data for 2,778 cancer samples from 2,658 unique donors across 38 cancer types is used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of cancer, revealing that driver mutations can precede diagnosis by several years to decades.

Some cancer patients first present with metastases where the location of the primary is unidentified; these are difficult to treat. In this study, using machine learning, the authors develop a method to determine the tissue of origin of a cancer based on whole sequencing data.

The authors present SVclone, a computational method for inferring the cancer cell fraction of structural variants from whole-genome sequencing data.

Many tumours exhibit hypoxia (low oxygen) and hypoxic tumours often respond poorly to therapy. Here, the authors quantify hypoxia in 1188 tumours from 27 cancer types, showing elevated hypoxia links to increased mutational load, directing evolutionary trajectories.

The characterization of 4,645 whole-genome and 19,184 exome sequences, covering most types of cancer, identifies 81 single-base substitution, doublet-base substitution and small-insertion-and-deletion mutational signatures, providing a systematic overview of the mutational processes that contribute to cancer development.

In this study the authors consider the structural variants (SVs) present within cancer cases of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium. They report hundreds of genes, including known cancer-associated genes for which the nearby presence of a SV breakpoint is associated with altered expression.

Cancers evolve as they progress under differing selective pressures. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, the authors present the method TrackSig the estimates evolutionary trajectories of somatic mutational processes from single bulk tumour data.

Experiments demonstrate the formation of a series of oxidized C₄- and C₅-products from the OH + isoprene reaction including highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs). These HOMs could be important for the generation of secondary organic aerosols.

Quantum neural networks could help analysing the output of quantum computers and quantum simulators of growing complexity. Here, the authors use a 7-qubit superconducting quantum processor to show how a quantum convolutional neural network can correctly recognise the phase of a quantum many-body state.

Analyses of tumor and bone marrow tissue from patients with glioblastoma demonstrate the presence of extracerebral niches that contained tumor-reactive and memory T cell subsets, including early stem-like phenotypes and stages, indicating antitumor CD8⁺ T cell differentiation in cranial bone marrow.

A new technology enables high-resolution force mapping between a single virus and its target cell while simultaneously imaging live cell fluorescence.

Genome-wide association analyses of two oral glucose tolerance test-derived measures of postprandial insulin resistance discover ten new loci. Functional characterization identifies nine candidate genes implicated in the regulation of GLUT4.

A global network of researchers was formed to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity; this paper reports 13 genome-wide significant loci and potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection.

Results from a study of five patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus, who were treated with anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy under a compassionate-use program, demonstrate remission of SLE disease with follow-up of up to 17 months.

The growth rates of freshly formed aerosol particles influence what fraction of these can reach sizes large enough to affect cloud formation and climate. Here, the authors show that the nano-particle growth in a sulphuric acid containing system can be enhanced by the presence of ions or small acid-base clusters.