Nature Search

A benchmark of expert-level academic questions to assess AI capabilities

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Long Phan
Alice Gatti
Davide Scaramuzza
ResearchOpen Access28 Jan 2026
Nature

Volume: 649, P: 1139-1146
India — stop looking down on international collaborations

Publications co-authored by scientists from the West are sometimes discounted by grant and hiring committees. That needs to change.

Arun Kumar Shukla
Comments & Opinion14 Dec 2021
Nature

Volume: 600, P: 361
Structure of active β-arrestin-1 bound to a G-protein-coupled receptor phosphopeptide

The crystal structure of β-arrestin-1 in complex with a fully phosphorylated 29-amino-acid carboxy-terminal peptide derived from the V2 vasopressin receptor is reported; the structure of the complex shows striking conformational differences in β-arrestin-1 when compared with its inactive conformation.

Arun K. Shukla
Aashish Manglik
Robert J. Lefkowitz
Research21 Apr 2013
Nature

Volume: 497, P: 137-141
A steep-slope transistor based on abrupt electronic phase transition

The intrinsic properties of conventional semiconductors limits the speed and efficiency of field-effect transistors. Here, the authors take advantage of the insulator-to-metal transition in vanadium dioxide to create a transistor with reversible and steep-slope switching at room temperature.

Nikhil Shukla
Arun V. Thathachary
Suman Datta
ResearchOpen Access07 Aug 2015
Nature Communications

Volume: 6, P: 1-6
Machine learning enhanced aeration systems for optimizing oxygen transfer efficiency for sustainable and safe wastewater management

Bishnu Kant Shukla
Arun Goel
Anoop Kumar Shukla
ResearchOpen Access15 Dec 2025
Scientific Reports

Volume: 15, P: 1-23
Optimization of fluidized bed drying process parameters and quality evaluation of ready to use onion slices

Shahzad Faisal
Arjumand Yousuf
Bindu Naik
ResearchOpen Access10 Nov 2025
Scientific Reports

Volume: 15, P: 1-15
Functional competence of a partially engaged GPCR–β-arrestin complex

β-arrestins initially contact with the phosphorylated carboxyl-terminus of GPCRs before engaging with the GPCR core. Here, the authors use a chimeric GPCR partially and fully engaged with β-arrestin1 and show that the core interaction is dispensable for receptor endocytosis and signalling.

Punita Kumari
Ashish Srivastava
Arun K. Shukla
ResearchOpen Access09 Nov 2016
Nature Communications

Volume: 7, P: 1-16
Methodological advances: the unsung heroes of the GPCR structural revolution

Considerable progress has been made in the past few years in our ability to visualize the structure of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their signalling complexes. This is due to a series of technical improvements in areas such as protein engineering, lipidic cubic phase-based crystallization and microfocus synchrotron beamlines.

Eshan Ghosh
Punita Kumari
Arun K. Shukla
Reviews15 Jan 2015
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology

Volume: 16, P: 69-81
Structural visualization of small molecule recognition by CXCR3 uncovers dual-agonism in the CXCR3-CXCR7 system

CXCR3 and CXCR7 are chemokine receptors involved in cellular migration in physiological and pathophysiological context. Here, the authors present cryo-EM structures of CXCR3 in complex with small molecule agonists and discover their dual-agonism at CXCR7.

Shirsha Saha
Fumiya K. Sano
Arun K. Shukla
ResearchOpen Access28 Mar 2025
Nature Communications

Volume: 16, P: 1-18
Visualization of arrestin recruitment by a G-protein-coupled receptor

Single-particle electron microscopy and hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry are used to characterize the structure and dynamics of a G-protein-coupled receptor–arrestin complex.

Arun K. Shukla
Gerwin H. Westfield
Robert J. Lefkowitz
Research22 Jun 2014
Nature

Volume: 512, P: 218-222
Structure-guided engineering of biased-agonism in the human niacin receptor via single amino acid substitution

GPR109A is a prototypical GPCR and a key drug target for dyslipidemia. Here, the authors present cryo-EM structures of this receptor to elucidate agonist-binding and activation, and design receptor mutants with transducer-coupling-bias.

Manish K. Yadav
Parishmita Sarma
Arun K. Shukla
ResearchOpen Access02 Mar 2024
Nature Communications

Volume: 15, P: 1-16
Molecular insights into intrinsic transducer-coupling bias in the CXCR4-CXCR7 system

Chemokine receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) involved in immune responses and characterized by ligand promiscuity Here, the authors characterize signaling through chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7, with insights into intrinsic-bias encoded in the CXCR4-CXCR7 system.

Parishmita Sarma
Carlo Marion C. Carino
Arun K. Shukla
ResearchOpen Access09 Aug 2023
Nature Communications

Volume: 14, P: 1-17
Biphasic activation of β-arrestin 1 upon interaction with a GPCR revealed by methyl-TROSY NMR

β-arrestins commonly bind to two distinct elements in GPCRs: the phosphorylated carboxyl terminal tail (C tail) and the cytoplasmic face of the transmembrane region (TM core). Here, the authors use methyl-TROSY NMR measurements to characterise the interactions between β-arrestin 1 (βarr1) and a GPCR and observe that C tail-mediated interaction with a GPCR alone induces the partial activation of βarr1, whereas the TM core- and C tail-mediated interactions together stabilize the activated conformation of βarr1.

Yutaro Shiraishi
Yutaka Kofuku
Ichio Shimada
ResearchOpen Access09 Dec 2021
Nature Communications

Volume: 12, P: 1-11
Allosteric modulation of GPCR-induced β-arrestin trafficking and signaling by a synthetic intrabody

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are integral membrane proteins and the largest class of drug targets in the human genome. Here, Baidya et al. show that a synthetic antibody can be used to modulate GPCR trafficking and signaling in live cells.

Mithu Baidya
Madhu Chaturvedi
Arun K. Shukla
ResearchOpen Access08 Aug 2022
Nature Communications

Volume: 13, P: 1-18
Molecular basis of β-arrestin coupling to formoterol-bound β₁-adrenoceptor

A cryo-electron microscopy structure of the β1-adrenoceptor coupled to β-arrestin 1 and activated by the biased agonist formoterol, as well as the crystal structure of a related formoterol-bound adrenoreceptor, provide insights into biased signalling in these systems.

Yang Lee
Tony Warne
Christopher G. Tate
Research17 Jun 2020
Nature

Volume: 583, P: 862-866
Multiple ligand-specific conformations of the β₂-adrenergic receptor

A quantitative covalent labeling strategy reveals that multiple ligand-specific conformational states are present in the G protein–coupled β₂-adrenergic receptor. Their existence may underlie 'biased agonism', which describes the differential abilities of agonists to activate distinct signaling mechanisms downstream of GPCRs.

Alem W Kahsai
Kunhong Xiao
Robert J Lefkowitz
Research21 Aug 2011
Nature Chemical Biology

Volume: 7, P: 692-700
A crystal clear view of the β2-adrenergic receptor

The crystal structure of a second G protein–coupled receptor sheds light on these key pharmaceutical targets.

Robert J Lefkowitz
Jin-Peng Sun
Arun K Shukla
News & Views01 Feb 2008
Nature Biotechnology

Volume: 26, P: 189-191
A synthetic intrabody-based selective and generic inhibitor of GPCR endocytosis

A synthetic antibody fragment can disrupt the interaction of a GPCR regulatory protein β-arrestin with clathrin, and thereby inhibit induced internalization of GPCRs.

Eshan Ghosh
Ashish Srivastava
Arun K. Shukla
Research02 Oct 2017
Nature Nanotechnology

Volume: 12, P: 1190-1198
Frozen in action: cryo-EM structure of a GPCR–G-protein complex

Interaction with heterotrimeric G proteins is a hallmark of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family members, and it is the key step for a diverse range of cell-signaling cascades. A recent cryo-EM structure of the human calcitonin receptor (CTR) in complex with a G-protein heterotrimer reveals novel insights into receptor–G-protein coupling.

Mithu Baidya
Hemlata Dwivedi
Arun K Shukla
News & Views06 Jun 2017
Nature Structural & Molecular Biology

Volume: 24, P: 500-502
Lessons from infrastructure and research advocacy in India

Scientists must actively advocate for infrastructure development and funding of emerging research directions through collective efforts. In India, this has been crucial to help reverse the brain drain and enable equitable contributions to research and development at the global level.

Arun K. Shukla
Comments & Opinion23 Feb 2024
Nature Cell Biology

Volume: 26, P: 493
Scratching the itch with cryo-EM

Cryo-EM structures of Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptors (MRGPRs) that are involved in the allergic reaction and itch response reveal structural insights into their activation mechanism, and offer the potential to discover new therapeutic agents for pain and hypersensitivity reactions.

Jagannath Maharana
Parishmita Sarma
Arun K. Shukla
News & Views19 Jan 2022
Nature Chemical Biology

Volume: 18, P: 242-243
Feeling at home: Structure of the NTSR1–G_i complex in a lipid environment

The interaction of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) with heterotrimeric G proteins plays a critical role in signal transduction processes, and multiple GPCR–G protein complexes reconstituted in detergent micelles have been visualized using cryo-EM. A new study reports the structure of neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1) in complex with the heterotrimeric G_i protein, assembled in a lipid environment using circularized nanodiscs. The structure sheds light on how the lipid context may influence receptor–G protein coupling and activation.

Jagannath Maharana
Arun K. Shukla
News & Views30 Mar 2021
Nature Structural & Molecular Biology

Volume: 28, P: 331-333
Development of a nanocomposite ultrafiltration membrane based on polyphenylsulfone blended with graphene oxide

Arun Kumar Shukla
Javed Alam
M. R. Muthumareeswaran
ResearchOpen Access03 Feb 2017
Scientific Reports

Volume: 7, P: 1-12
Observation of the rare B_s⁰ →µ⁺µ⁻ decay from the combined analysis of CMS and LHCb data

Combined analysis of proton-proton collision data from the Large Hadron Collider at CERN by the CMS and LHCb collaborations leads to the observation of the extremely rare decay of the strange B meson into muons; the result is compatible with the standard model of particle physics, and does not show any signs of new physics, such as supersymmetry.

V. Khachatryan
A.M. Sirunyan
E. Pesen
ResearchOpen Access13 May 2015
Nature

Volume: 522, P: 68-72
Molecular mechanism of modulating arrestin conformation by GPCR phosphorylation

Analysis of 18 available structures and other data reveals a new, conserved structural motif in arrestins and suggests that different phosphorylation patterns of the GPCR C terminus can drive distinct arrestin conformations and functional outcomes.

Andrija Sente
Raphael Peer
Tilman Flock
Research05 Jun 2018
Nature Structural & Molecular Biology

Volume: 25, P: 538-545
Partial Reprogramming of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes into Neurons

Wenpo Chuang
Arun Sharma
Sean M. Wu
ResearchOpen Access22 Mar 2017
Scientific Reports

Volume: 7, P: 1-10
Salinity anomaly as a trigger for ENSO events

Jieshun Zhu
Bohua Huang
James L. Kinter III
ResearchOpen Access29 Oct 2014
Scientific Reports

Volume: 4, P: 1-5
Clinically relevant variants in a large cohort of Indian patients with Marfan syndrome and related disorders identified by next-generation sequencing

Shalini S. Nayak
Pauline E. Schneeberger
Kerstin Kutsche
ResearchOpen Access12 Jan 2021
Scientific Reports

Volume: 11, P: 1-13
Sirt1 deficiency upregulates glutathione metabolism to prevent hepatocellular carcinoma initiation in mice

Pengxiang Qiu
Weilong Hou
Ruihong Wang
Research25 Aug 2021
Oncogene

Volume: 40, P: 6023-6033

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