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This Review discusses the molecular processes and clonal evolution that lead to myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and secondary acute myeloid leukaemia, highlighting the ways in which these insights are shaping the clinical management of MDS.

SIRPa is most commonly known as a phagocytosis inhibitory receptor expressed by myeloid cells. Here the authors show SIRPa is expressed on a subset of CD8+ T cells with higher proliferative and effector activity during the chronic phase of the immune response to viral infection.

The isolation and propagation of oligodendroglial cells from postnatal animals can be impractical for functional genetic studies. This study highlights the potential of a new approach to rapidly generate oligodendrocytes and their progenitors from mouse embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, independent of mouse strain or mutational status.

Samelson et al. report that BRD2 inhibition suppresses SARS-CoV-2 infection in epithelial cells and Syrian hamsters via reducing the transcription of host cell surface receptor ACE2.

Infection remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates worldwide. Here the authors report disproportionate immune stimulatory, co-inhibitory and metabolic pathway responses that specifically mark bacterial infection and can be used to predict sepsis in neonatal patients at the first clinical signs of infection.

Isoform B of the chromatin-binding protein Brd4 acts to suppress DNA damage response signalling.

HCV vaccine development has been challenged by difficulties in the biochemical preparation of E1E2 ectodomains. Here, the authors structurally characterize an engineered soluble E1E2 ectodomain complexed with broadly neutralizing antibodies, revealing it adopts a native fold amenable for vaccine design.

The ATLAS Collaboration reports the observation of the electroweak production of two jets and a Z-boson pair. This process is related to vector-boson scattering and allows the nature of electroweak symmetry breaking to be probed.

The lack of models that mimic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in a physiologically relevant context has hampered drug development. Here, Winer et al. establish a self-assembling, primary hepatocyte co-culture system that can be infected with patient-derived HBV without further modifications.

Comprehensive analyses of 178 lung squamous cell carcinomas by The Cancer Genome Atlas project show that the tumour type is characterized by complex genomic alterations, with statistically recurrent mutations in 11 genes, including TP53 in nearly all samples; a potential therapeutic target is identified in most of the samples studied.

The ATLAS Collaboration reports a measurement of the ratio of the decay rates of W bosons to τ leptons and muons, in agreement with universal lepton couplings as postulated in the standard model of particle physics.

The ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider reports a search for charged-lepton-flavour violation in decays of Z bosons into a τ lepton and an electron or muon of opposite charge.

Here the authors show that differentiation of haematopoietic stem cells into mature blood cells is primed by cell type-specific transcription factors at the enhancer level during early differentiation, before they confere promoter-driven growth arrest, and activate post-mitotic terminal differentiation.

From 1980 to 2018, the levels of total and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreased in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe.

Quantum electrodynamics predicts a rare process in which light is scattered by light. The ATLAS Collaboration reports signs of this elusive effect in the collisions of ultra-relativistic lead ions.

A diverse, multidisciplinary panel of 386 experts in COVID-19 response from 112 countries provides health and social policy actions to address inadequacies in the pandemic response and help to bring this public health threat to an end.

Analysis of temperate lakes finds a widespread decline in dissolved oxygen concentrations in surface and deep waters, which is associated with reduced solubility at warmer surface water temperatures and increased stratification at depth.

Here, the authors propose that SARS-CoV-2 induces a prothrombotic state, with dysregulated immunothrombosis in lung microvessels and endothelial injury, which drive the clinical manifestations of severe COVID-19. They discuss potential antithrombotic and immunomodulating drugs that are being considered in the treatment of patients with COVID-19.

Gliomas represent the most deadly of human brain tumours; however, little progress has been made towards their successful treatment. In this Review, Deneen and colleagues discuss how glioma tumorigenesis resembles glial development and how this may inform novel therapies.

The measurement of the total cross-section of proton–proton collisions is of fundamental importance for particle physics. Here, the first measurement of the inelastic cross-section is presented for proton–proton collisions at an energy of 7 teraelectronvolts using the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider.

Contrary to the view that urbanization is a major driver of the global rise in obesity, the global increase in body-mass index is shown to be mostly due to increases in the body-mass indexes of rural populations.

A genetics-led translational approach integrating functional genomic predictors, knowledge of network connectivity and immune ontologies defines the drug target prioritization landscape for 30 immune traits at the gene and pathway level.

Swarming bacteria are self-propelled cells that move on surfaces in large groups that resemble flocks. However, in bacteria, isolated individuals cannot move, which differentiates them from other active systems. Here, the authors show that local reduction in water temporarily traps solitary cells, which also affects the arrangement of the flagella.

This analysis compares methods for estimating the heritability and genetic architecture of complex traits using whole-genome data. The results provide guidance for best practices and proper interpretation of published heritability estimates.

Trade in arachnids includes millions of individuals and over 1264 species, with over 70% of individuals coming from the wild.

Therapies targeting IL-23 have failed in clinical trials in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), despite the importance of the IL-23–IL-17 pathway in axSpA pathogenesis. This Review explores whether IL-17 production might be uncoupled from IL-23 in axSpA.

After becoming established as a therapy for various anemic states, wider uses—including cardiovascular therapy—are being explored for erythropoietin. The possible mechanisms for actions in the cardiovascular and renal systems are explored in this Review, showing that the therapeutic benefits of this cytokine seem much broader than initially anticipated.