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Christopher Boehm relishes a wide-ranging assessment of primate morality.

Nelson Freimer and colleagues analyze gene expression data from multiple tissue samples combined with genotype data from vervet monkeys to catalog expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). They generate a transcriptome resource analogous to the GTEx project and perform comparative and eQTL enrichment analyses for various traits.

Cha and colleagues present a translation- and rotation-equivariant autoencoder-based method for robust image recognition, which they demonstrate on diverse tasks from bioinformatics, material science and astronomy.

Multiple cellular pathways are altered in cancer and identifying them is relevant for prognosis and therapy. Here, the authors develop Benchmark and Pathway Ensemble Tool (PET), two computational approaches to optimise pathway discovery in cancer and predict related biomarkers and therapeutic avenues.

Here, the authors computationally designed and produced small protein antagonists to target IL-6 and IL-1β signaling to develop modulators of CRS.

The relationship between the structural configurations of M-N-C electrocatalysts and their performances in neutral environments has been insufficiently investigated. Here the authors demonstrate that an ultralow metal-loaded Co-N-C electrocatalyst, featuring the asymmetric Co-C/N/O configuration, exhibit exceptional efficiency in electrochemically producing hydrogen peroxide under neutral conditions.

We present the complete 62,460,029-base-pair sequence of a human Y chromosome from the HG002 genome (T2T-Y) that corrects multiple errors in GRCh38-Y and adds over 30 million base pairs of sequence to the reference.

The Pharma Proteomics Project generates the largest open-access plasma proteomics dataset to date, offering insights into trans protein quantitative trait loci across multiple biological domains, and highlighting genetic influences on ligand–receptor interactions and pathway perturbations across a diverse collection of cytokines and complement networks.

Selective catalytic oxidation (SCO) of NH₃ to N₂ is a highly effective approach for reducing NH₃ emissions, though achieving high conversion across a broad temperature range without over-oxidation to NOx remains challenging. Here, the authors introduce a bi-metallic surficial Pt-Cu catalyst that effectively removes NH₃ from both stationary and mobile exhaust sources via SCO.

Fungal spores can promote immune responses of both type 2 (IL-4 / IL-5 / IL-13) and type 17 (IL-17). Here the authors characterise the subsets of cDC2 associated with type 2 and type 17 allergic responses to fungal allergens and show that Mgl2⁺ cDC2 depletion reduces type 2 but not type 17 fungal airway inflammation.

Mobility restrictions implemented to reduce the spread of COVID-19 have significantly impacted walking behavior. In this study, the authors integrated mobility data from mobile devices and area-level data to study the walking patterns of 1.62 million anonymous users in 10 US metropolitan areas.

A cross-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analysis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) including 29,612 patients with ALS and 122,656 controls identifies 15 risk loci with distinct genetic architectures and neuron-specific biology.

Sherman et al. describe the contribution of mosaic copy number variants (mCNVs) to the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Probands with ASD carry a significant burden of mCNVs relative to their unaffected siblings.

The severity and incidence of climatic extremes, including drought, have increased as a result of climate warming. Analyses of observational and reanalysis data suggest that the strength of the western North American carbon sink declined by 30–298 Tg carbon per year during the drought at the turn of the century.

A high-resolution gene expression atlas of prenatal and postnatal brain development of rhesus monkey charts global transcriptional dynamics in relation to brain maturation, while comparative analysis reveals human-specific gene trajectories; candidate risk genes associated with human neurodevelopmental disorders tend to be co-expressed in disease-specific patterns in the developing monkey neocortex.

Lawson et al. show that genetic inactivation of Phd1 or Phd2 hinders progression of AML and compromises leukemic stem cells. They develop a selective PHD inhibitor IOX5 and show therapeutic efficacy in AML, which can be potentiated with venetoclax.

Here the authors present an HIV-1 vaccine strategy that combines Env stabilization, nanoparticle display, and glycan trimming, which improves neutralizing antibody responses, frequency of vaccine responders, and germinal center reactions in animal models.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality, despite declining smoking rates. Gorman et al. report multi-ancestry GWAS meta-analyses of lung cancer providing insights into smoking-independent genetic predisposition to the disease.

Slug supports heart development and tumor metastasis, but its role in blood vessel formation is less clear. Here the authors show that endothelial cell-expressed Slug regulates both physiologic and pathological angiogenesis, at least in part through the modulation of Notch signalling.

The left hemisphere of the brain is especially involved in processing social vocalizations and (in humans) language, but the mechanisms of this lateralization of function are unclear. Here, the authors compared left and right auditory cortex in mice and show lateralized, experience-dependent circuit-motifs.

Precise control over the energy of atomic metal sites is key to unlocking novel reaction pathways. Here, the authors achieve selective oxygen activation by the isolated copper site on ceria, due to its reduced 3d orbital energy via cerium induced electron withdrawing effect.

Excitatory neurons in the preBötzinger Complex generate bursting activity responsible for breathing, but these alone cannot generate physiological breathing frequencies. Here the authors show how inhibition regulates refractory properties of excitatory neurons to allow dynamic breathing rhythms.

Infusion of virus-specific T (VST) cells is used for treating drug-resistant viremia. Here the authors report, as part of the clinical trial, NCT03475212, a lethal case of unexpected bone marrow graft loss and chimerism reversal that is induced by the infusion of third-party VST intended to treat transplantation-related cytomegalovirus viremia.

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an anti-inflammatory drug proposed as a treatment for COVID19. Here the results are reported from a randomised trial testing DMF treatment in 713 patients hospitalised with COVID-19. DMF was not associated with any improvement in day 5 outcomes.

In patients with locally advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), neoadjuvant therapy prior to curative nephrectomy has been shown to improve patient outcomes. Here, the authors report the safety and radiological efficacy of a phase II clinical trial investigating neoadjuvant sitravatinib (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) and nivolumab (PD-1 inhibitor) in locally advanced ccRCC.

Single-cell RNA sequencing of testes from young and old male Drosophila, together with genomic sequencing of somatic tissues of the same flies, shows distinct mutational biases in old and young flies and suggests late spermatogenesis as a source of evolutionary innovation.

This overview of the ENCODE project outlines the data accumulated so far, revealing that 80% of the human genome now has at least one biochemical function assigned to it; the newly identified functional elements should aid the interpretation of results of genome-wide association studies, as many correspond to sites of association with human disease.

Neurons receive their input in three dimensions via their dendrites, but how electrical activity in dendrites is organized is unknown. Here, the authors work out the distinct rules that govern activity across this 3D structure in different brain states.

A region on chromosome 19p13 is associated with the risk of developing ovarian and breast cancer. Here, the authors genotyped SNPs in this region in thousands of breast and ovarian cancer patients and identified SNPs associated with three genes, which were analysed with functional studies.

Durable agonism of NPR1 achieved with a novel investigational monoclonal antibody could mirror the positive hemodynamic changes in blood pressure and heart failure identified in humans with lifelong exposure to NPR1 coding variants.

De novoDNA methylation is carried out by DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A/B, although DNMT3B isoforms without active catalytic domains are widely expressed. Here, the authors show that DNMT3B isoforms stimulate gene body methylation and re-methylation independently of the isoforms' catalytic activity.

Genome-wide data from 400 individuals indicate that the initial spread of the Beaker archaeological complex between Iberia and central Europe was propelled by cultural diffusion, but that its spread into Britain involved a large-scale migration that permanently replaced about ninety per cent of the ancestry in the previously resident population.

The physical origin of the electronic properties of diamondoids has been difficult to resolve, even by advanced many-body calculations. Now, Patrick and Giustino have shown that quantum nuclear dynamics of carbon atoms must be taken into consideration when explaining electronic and optical properties.

Here, the authors suggest that molecular dysregulation on three axes may play a critical role in asthma within the African Diaspora. RNASeq and DNA methylation data are generated from nasal epithelium including cases and controls from seven different geographic sites.

The human Polycomb-like protein PHF1 has been implicated in transcription-regulatory and DNA damage repair pathways. A new study demonstrates that the Tudor domain of PHF1 binds histone H3K36me3 with high specificity and affinity, that Tudor-H3K36me3 interaction inhibits Polycomb repressive complex 2-mediated H3K27 methylation and that PHF1 accumulates at DNA damage sites in a Tudor-dependent manner.

Changes to structural and functional connectivity can give rise to neurodegeneration and neurodevelopmental diseases. Here the authors investigate molecular and connectomic patterns in 13 different neurological, psychiatric and neurodevelopmental diseases from the ENIGMA consortium.

Currently many of the time resolved serial femtosecond (SFX) crystallography experiments are done with light driven protein systems, whereas the reaction initiation for non-light triggered enzymes remains a major bottle neck. Here, the authors present an expanded Drop-on-Tape system, where picoliter-sized droplets of a substrate or inhibitor are turbulently mixed with nanoliter sized droplets of microcrystal slurries, and they use it for time-resolved SFX measurements of inhibitor binding to lysozyme and secondly, binding of a β-lactam antibiotic to a bacterial serine β-lactamase.

A dataset of coding variation, derived from exome sequencing of nearly one million individuals from a range of ancestries, provides insight into rare variants and could accelerate the discovery of disease-associated genes and advance precision medicine efforts.

Roger Milne and colleagues conduct a genome-wide association study for estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer combined with BRCA1 mutation carriers in a large cohort. They identify ten new risk variants and find high genetic correlation between breast cancer risk for BRCA1 mutation carriers and risk of ER-negative breast cancer in the general population.

Pooled and sex-specific genome-wide association analyses identify new risk loci for restless legs syndrome and candidates for drug repurposing. Machine learning models combining genetic and other information show improved risk prediction performance.

The burying beetle shows flexible parenting behaviour. Here, the authors show that offspring fare equally well regardless of the sex or number of parents present and find similar gene expression profiles in uniparental and biparental females and in uniparental males, which suggests no specialization in parenting.

Interleukin 10–deficient mice develop spontaneous colitis. Kronenberg and colleagues find that interleukin 10 released by myeloid cells in the intestine is needed to maintain expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 in regulatory T cells.

Unravelling the formation of binary nanocrystal phases is challenging. Here, by combining in situ small-angle X-ray scattering and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that AlB₂ and NaZn₁₃ superlattices undergo classical homogeneous nucleation consistent with the presence of short-range attractive interactions guiding the crystallization process.

Multi-ancestry genome-wide analyses identify new risk loci for age-related macular degeneration. Ancestry-specific analyses identify distinct effects at major risk loci, including smaller effect sizes for CFH risk alleles in haplotypes of African ancestry.

Induction of CD4 T follicular helper (Tfh) cells is important for antibody responses to viral infections. Here, the authors show in a rhesus macaque model of mild COVID-19 that SARS-CoV-2 infection results in transient accumulation of proliferating Tfh cells with a Th1 profile in peripheral blood and generation of germinal center Tfh cells specific for viral proteins.