3D extrusion bioprinting methods can be used to produce tissue constructs in vitro and in situ and are arguably the most commonly used bioprinting strategies. In this Primer, Zhang and colleagues describe the variants of 3D extrusion bioprinting methods and their specific applications, considerations for the formulation of bioinks and strategies for assessing print quality. The authors conclude by looking to recent and upcoming developments in 4D printing and artificial intelligence-assisted dynamic printing strategies.
- Yu Shrike Zhang
- Ghazaleh Haghiashtiani
- Jos Malda
