Various types of observational studies can provide statistical associations between factors, such as between an environmental exposure and a disease state. This Review discusses the various genetics-focused statistical methodologies that can move beyond mere associations to identify (or refute) various mechanisms of causality, with implications for responsibly managing risk factors in health care and the behavioural and social sciences.
- Jean-Baptiste Pingault
- Paul F. O’Reilly
- Frank Dudbridge
