The brain–heart axis comprises the anatomical and functional interaction between the neural and cardiovascular systems that regulate physiological, cognitive and emotional states in both health and disease. In this Review, Valenza and colleagues explore the three primary pathways of the brain–heart axis — neural, mechanical and biochemical — discussing the regulatory mechanisms generated by each individual pathway and by interactions between the pathways.
- Gaetano Valenza
- Zoran Matić
- Vincenzo Catrambone
