Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is the fifth most common cancer in the USA; therefore, the identification of patients with high-risk disease is important for timely and appropriate treatment. UCB has two clinical manifestations: noninvasive lesions that recur but rarely progress, and muscle-invasive lesions that progress aggressively and are associated with poor outcome. In this Review, Prasad et al. define the high-risk UCB and the associated clinical, histological and genetic factors. They also describe the treatment options and provide a brief description of future efforts in bladder cancer research.
- Sandip M. Prasad
- G. Joel DeCastro
- Gary D. Steinberg
