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The metabolic alterations underpinning aging processes and mortality in humans are not well understood. Here, the authors show that differences in levels of nucleosides, amino acids, and several lipid subclasses can predict mortality and longevity.

Axons have always been assumed to be cylindrical. Using in silico modeling and cryopreservation of tissues, Griswold et al. demonstrate that unmyelinated axons of the mammalian central nervous system exhibit pearls-on-a-string morphology through their entire length.

Neonatal gyrated brains harbor an elaborate subventricular zone, termed the Arc, supporting cortical migratory streams of diverse interneurons.

Analysis of 42 severe weather disasters (floods, storms and cyclones) in the United States between 2011 and 2016 reported associations with increased emergency department utilization and mortality in affected counties for up to 6 weeks.

The study evaluated the impact of PM2.5 and its constituents on hospital admissions from non-respiratory infection. Here, the authors showed that nonrespiratory infections are an under-appreciated health effect of PM2.5 while Sulfates contributed the largest weights in the observed associations

The oblivious transfer protocol is a cryptographic primitive used to create many different secure two-party schemes. Here, Erven et al. provide the first implementation of the oblivious transfer protocol using entangled photons, within the noisy storage model.

Single cell analysis of histologic variant bladder tumors detects a shared CA125+ tumor cell state associated with aggressive clinical features and reveals enriched expression of TM4SF1, a membrane protein that can be targeted with CAR T cells.

Pancreatic cancer patients have previously been noted to have a change in medication history prior to diagnosis. Here, the authors utilise two large population cohorts to show associations between recent medication changes and risk of a subsequent pancreatic cancer diagnosis.

Horng and colleagues show that mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a component of the glycerol phosphate shuttle, modulates a shift from inflammation to immunosuppression in activated macrophages.

Through genetic blocking of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in adolescent mice, we demonstrate that oligodendrocytes have a critical role in shaping the maturation and stabilization of visual cortical circuits.

There’s an emerging body of evidence to show how biological sex impacts cancer incidence, treatment and underlying biology. Here, using a large pan-cancer dataset, the authors further highlight how sex differences shape the cancer genome.

Time-resolved electron microscopy reveals that intersectin-1 and endophilin A1 condensates hold replacement synaptic vesicles close to release sites. Without this, replacement vesicles are unavailable for immediate use, causing synaptic depression in response to stimulation trains.

The Casimir effect is based on quantum electrodynamical effects between two electrically neutral objects in close proximity. Here Zou et al. observe the Casimir effect between two silicon components on a single micromechanical chip, allowing for an on-chip exploitation of the Casimir force.

Gamboa et al. develop a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapeutic strategy based on synthetic antigens that are delivered to the tumor by lipid nanoparticles and demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy of their approach using CAR T cells directed against the synthetic antigen.

Hu et al. describe how histone H1.0 regulates myofibroblast activation, linking force generation to nuclear organization and gene transcription.

Peanut oral immunotherapy reshapes T cell responses, suppressing allergy-associated type 2 helper T cells and boosting cytotoxic type 1 helper T cells, offering clues to long-term tolerance.

Cancers evolve as they progress under differing selective pressures. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, the authors present the method TrackSig the estimates evolutionary trajectories of somatic mutational processes from single bulk tumour data.

The epigenetic mechanisms underlying phenotypic diversity across different metastatic sites in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remain to be characterised. Here, multi-omic profiling across metastatic lesions identifies regulatory networks driving tumour lineage programs and potential therapeutic targets.

A novel multi-omics workflow, combining gut microbiome metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metabolomics, enabled the identification of the microbial pathways responsible for the degradation of the immunomodulatory drug 5-ASA in the gut of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

High-resolution multi-omic profiling indicates widespread gut dysbiosis in individuals with MASLD, also affecting the virome, and reveals microbial signatures that can classify MASLD and its subtypes.

Senegal has initiated a national sentinel surveillance program for malaria parasite genetics. Here, the authors report data from the first year of the program and use it to investigate local malaria incidence, patterns of transmission, and genetic loci under selection.

X-ray Free Electron Lasers allow fast structure determination. Here, the authors push the temporal limit of atomic level structure determination to 25 fs, the length of a single pulse, paving the way to the study of fast, non-repeatable processes.

Systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study reported that, despite global improvements from 1990 to 2021, dietary iron deficiency-associated disease burden remains high in women, children and residents in low socio-demographic index countries.

Structures of the growing peptide chain on and off the ribosome reveal that the ribosome destabilizes the unfolded nascent chain, promoting the formation of partially folded intermediate states.

Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses of stool samples from 308 individuals over time indicate that longitudinal sampling is important for detecting dynamic functional features of the gut microbiome.

Detailed reconstruction using enhanced focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy imaging and deep-learning-based automated segmentation demonstrates that hepatocyte subcellular organelle architecture regulates metabolism.

When a superconductor is in contact with a normal metal, Cooper pairs from the superconductor ‘leak’ into the metal, causing local superconductivity. When in contact with a ferromagnet, however, Cooper pairs do not stray very far. Therefore, the discovery that a ferromagnetic nanowire goes completely superconducting when placed between two superconducting electrodes is surprising indeed.

Viral pathogen load in cancer genomes is estimated through analysis of sequencing data from 2,656 tumors across 35 cancer types using multiple pathogen-detection pipelines, identifying viruses in 382 genomic and 68 transcriptome datasets.

Some cancer patients first present with metastases where the location of the primary is unidentified; these are difficult to treat. In this study, using machine learning, the authors develop a method to determine the tissue of origin of a cancer based on whole sequencing data.

This study reveals that during human gait development, neuromotor modules (muscle synergies) and limb biomechanical properties co-evolve toward bilateral symmetry, which enhances locomotor stability. By combining longitudinal EMG, kinematic, and neuromusculoskeletal modeling data from infants, adults, and elders, the authors demonstrate that functional symmetrization of these modules underlies efficient and stable gait control across the lifespan.

SCIFER detects clonal selection in whole-genome sequencing data using a population genetics model. Applied to a range of somatic tissues, SCIFER quantifies stem cell dynamics and infers clonal ages and sizes without requiring knowledge of driver events.

CRISPR-TO, a system for programmable control of spatial localization of cellular RNAs, is presented and enables functional investigation of endogenous RNA localization in diverse living cells.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease characterized by airflow limitation and infective exacerbations. Here, Chan et al. report the generation of nasopharyngeal and bronchial COPD organoids derived from adult stem cells and employ them in the study of host-pathogen interactions, including SARS-CoV-2 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Oral vaccines against Vibrio cholera have been critical for cholera management, but the production of more efficacious and cost-effective approaches is still needed. Here the authors deliver a bivalent V_HH construct that binds to cholera toxin and show protection in a murine cholera model.

Sequence and structural analyses reveal a divergent peptidyl transferase centre and a hibernation factor in archaea.

Hosios et al. demonstrate that inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 in cells and in tumors in mice leads to a lysosome-dependent but autophagy-independent shift in membrane lipid metabolism, resulting in increased intracellular triglyceride pools.

The bacterium Helicobacter pylori, often found in the human stomach, can be classified into distinct subpopulations associated with the geographic origin of the host. Here, the authors provide insights into H. pylori population structure by collecting over 1,000 clinical strains from 50 countries and generating and analyzing high-quality bacterial genome sequences.

Measurements of ocean finestructure (with typical time scales of 15 min to 1 d, spacial scales of 10 to 100 m vertically and 1 to 10 km horizontally) are consistent with the measured variability in the transmission of acoustic signals through the ocean volume. The observations suggest that the statistics of acoustic fluctuations can be used to monitor the statistics of ocean finestructure. Further, fluctuations in the travel time are a measure largely of temperature fluctuations along the acoustic path, and the difference in reciprocal travel times is a measure of the component, along the path, of current and current shear. Such acoustic measurements give integrals along the paths, with the attendant advantages and disadvantages as compared with the traditional ‘spot’ measurements; precision promises to be comparable or better.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have improved our understanding of the genetic basis of lung adenocarcinoma but known susceptibility variants explain only a small fraction of the familial risk. Here, the authors perform a two-stage GWAS and report 12 novel genetic loci associated with lung adenocarcinoma in East Asians.

Tailored to provide diabetes management recommendations from large training and validation datasets, an artificial intelligence system integrating language and computer vision capabilities is shown to improve self-management of patients in a prospective implementation study.

Experiments have shown that carbon nanotubes are ideal optical wires, with properties affected by excitonic and other intrinsic properties, as well as by shape.

Using spatial transcriptomics, this study profiled the expression of hundreds of matrisome genes at single-cell resolution in human brain tumors, revealing targetable adhesion and signalling components in glioblastoma and lower-grade gliomas.

The health impacts of air pollution at low concentrations are unclear. Here, using a double negative control approach to capture omitted confounders, the authors show increased cardiovascular risk associated with long-term air pollution exposure below US regulatory standards, suggesting the need to tighten the current standards.

Single molecular layers of TiSe₂are promising for advanced electronic applications, and it is therefore important to characterize their phases. Here, the authors use ARPES to detect a charge density wave transition without Fermi surface nesting and that takes place at a temperature higher than in bulk.

Estimating the effectiveness of COVID-19 control measures requires large prospective data including symptoms and personal risk factors. Here, the authors used data from smartphone-based application and found that individual face mask use was associated with a 64% reduced risk of COVID-19 symptoms.