Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an antigenic lesion infiltrated by T cells, but factors within the tumour and its microenvironment dampen the immune response and prevent effective antitumour immunity. The stepwise elucidation of the various immunosuppressive mechanisms at play in HCC has exposed new therapeutic options. This Review gives a comprehensive overview of the different immunotherapeutic modalities applicable in HCC, including vaccines, adoptive T-cell therapy, cytokines, gene therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
- Jesús Prieto
- Ignacio Melero
- Bruno Sangro
