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The mechanisms underlying CD8⁺ T cells exhaustion during chronic infection and tumor progression formation remain unclear. Here, the authors demonstrate that Gfi1 acts as a chromatin remodeler during the transition from progenitor to terminally exhausted T cells in chronic infection and mediates the formation of terminally differentiated TILs and the efficacy of anti-CTLA-4 for tumor treatment.

Antimicrobial resistance genes that have been mobilized between bacterial species represent a subset of the naturally occurring resistome. Here, the authors compare the abundance, diversity and geographical patterns of acquired resistance genes with latent resistance genes in global sewage metagenomes.

A genome-wide association meta-analysis study of blood lipid levels in roughly 1.6 million individuals demonstrates the gain of power attained when diverse ancestries are included to improve fine-mapping and polygenic score generation, with gains in locus discovery related to sample size.

As quantum computers grow in complexity the challenge of moving information between physically separated qubits becomes more pressing. Mills et al. demonstrate transfer of single electrons across an array of nine silicon quantum dots three orders of magnitude faster than spin qubit decoherence times.

Interactions between qubits and defect-related two-level systems in superconducting qubit devices are a major source of noise fluctuations that hinder error-mitigation performance. Here, the authors experimentally show that modulating this interaction can reduce noise fluctuation and improve error mitigation performance.

A fast, high-fidelity two-qubit exchange gate between phosphorus donor electron spin qubits in silicon is demonstrated by creating a tunable exchange interaction between two electrons bound to phosphorus atom qubits.

Drugs targeting cardiovascular disease (CVD) can have negative consequences for liver function. Here, the authors combine genome wide analyses on 69,479 individuals to identify loss-of-function variants with beneficial effects on CVD-related traits without negative impacts on liver function.

Measurements combined with post-processing of their outcomes can be used to prepare ordered quantum states. It has been shown that they can drive a Nishimori phase transition into a disordered state even in the presence of quantum errors.

Nucleation control of self-assembled quantum dots is challenging. Here, the authors employ conventional molecular beam epitaxy to achieve wafer-scale density modulation of high-quality quantum dots with tunable periodicity on unpatterned substrates.

Heart atria produce a large pool of calcitonin (previously well-recognized as a thyroid-secreted hormone with roles in calcium and bone metabolism) that in the heart acts as a paracrine signal controlling atrial fibrosis and fibrillation.

In genome-wide association meta-analysis, it is often difficult to find an independent dataset of sufficient size to replicate associations. Here, the authors have developed MAMBA to calculate the probability of replicability based on consistency between datasets within the meta-analysis.

Humoral immunity is necessary for controlling viral infection. Ballesteros-Tato and colleagues show that development of follicular regulatory T cells is prevented by high concentrations of interleukin 2 at the peak of viral infection, but resumes at later time points to suppress autoantibody production.

Experiments on a noisy 127-qubit superconducting quantum processor report the accurate measurement of expectation values beyond the reach of current brute-force classical computation, demonstrating evidence for the utility of quantum computing before fault tolerance.

Combined analysis of new genomic data from 116 ancient hunter-gatherer individuals together with previously published data provides insights into the genetic structure and demographic shifts of west Eurasian forager populations over a period of 30,000 years.

A single spin in silicon is strongly coupled to a microwave-frequency photon and coherent single-spin dynamics are observed using circuit quantum electrodynamics.

Naive CD4 and CD8 T cells give rise to effector and long-lived memory T cells after activation by antigen. This paper provides evidence that memory CD4 T cells, similar to their CD8 counterparts, differentiate in a linear fashion from effector cells rather than by an alternative differentiation pathway.

Peatland plant communities are expected to be affected by environmental change, though how assemblages respond is not fully understood. Here, Robroek et al. show that peatland species occur in two distinct clusters, and functional identity and redundancy was maintained under taxonomic turnover.

Results from the first experimental campaign of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator demonstrate that its magnetic-field design grants good control of parasitic plasma currents, leading to long energy confinement times.

Cancer cells have altered lipid metabolism. Here the authors show that DAXX promotes lipogenesis and tumorigenesis through interaction with SREBP1/2.

This study uses evolve-and-resequence experiments with fission yeast populations subjected to disruptive ecological selection under different levels of migration to ask how gene flow, ancestral variation and genetic correlations affect the evolution of adaptive divergence.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging infectious agent that can cause severe disease in humans and against which there is presently no vaccine. Akahata et al. now describe their development of a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine that elicits neutralizing antibodies against CHIKV and can protect nonhuman primates from infection. Their VLP-based approach may facilitate development of a CHIKV vaccine for human use.

Association studies of up to 1.2 million individuals identify 566 genetic variants in 406 loci associated with tobacco use and addiction (initiation, cessation, and heaviness) as well as alcohol use, with 150 loci showing pleiotropic association.

This paper describes the use of optical microendoscopy to visualize sarcomeres and their micron-scale motions in live mice and humans, revealing unanticipated local variations in sarcomere lengths. Imaging of human sarcomeres is expected to enable advances in biomechanical modelling, orthopedic therapeutics, and the understanding and treatment of neuromuscular disorders