Children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have a more than 700-fold increased risk of cardiac death compared with healthy children of the same age. Here, pediatric nephrologists from the Netherlands describe the arterial and cardiac abnormalities that are responsible for this high cardiovascular burden, outline the risk factors for such abnormalities, and suggest strategies for their prevention. The need for prospective follow-up studies of cardiac risk factors in the pediatric ESRD setting is highlighted.
- Marc R. Lilien
- Jaap W. Groothoff
