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Priming of naïve T cells is thought to occur in tissue-draining lymph nodes. Here Wang et al. show that vaginal mucosa, despite lacking structured lymphoid organs, can support priming of naïve CD8 T-cell responses and activation of memory CD8 T cells.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses from H5 clade 2.3.4.4b are circulating widely in birds and have recently caused large outbreaks in mammals. Here, Furey et al. develop a clade 2.3.4.4b HA-expressing mRNA-LNP vaccine and show that it elicits strong protective immune responses in mice and ferrets.

The mechanisms of microtubule-based mitochondrial transport remain poorly understood. Here, the authors show that the mitochondrial TRAK adaptors activate the dynein-dynactin complex, enhance the motility of kinesin, and can scaffold both motors to control bidirectional transport.

Infection with SARS-CoV2 and the development of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been linked to induction of autoimmunity and autoantibody production. Here the authors characterise the new-onset IgG autoantibody response in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 which they correlate to the magnitude of the SARS-CoV2 response.

In this immunological ancillary study of the PREVAC trial, the authors show that approved Ebola virus vaccines induce memory T-cell responses that persist during the five year follow-up after initial vaccination.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play key roles in the immune response but their properties at the single-cell level are less well understood. Here, the authors characterize differential features of lncRNAs and protein-coding genes upon Ebola infection in macaques at single-cell resolution.

GWAS in difficult-to-recruit populations identifies variants associated with Lassa fever outcome and susceptibility at loci proximal to LIF, GRM7 and LARGE1.

Co-occurring mutations in the tumor suppressor LKB1 are frequent in KRAS-mutant lung cancers. Here, the authors show that LKB1 regulates JNK-dependent stress signaling apoptotic dependencies of KRAS-mutant tumors, making LKB1-deficient cells vulnerable to MCL-1 inhibition.

Spillover of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus to dairy cattle and the findings of a clinical, pathological and epidemiological investigation in nine affected farms are reported.

A study of hospitalized patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and who have liquid or solid cancer suggests that hematologic malignancy is an independent risk factor for mortality and that CD8⁺ T cells might limit infection in this setting irrespective of humoral immunity.

SARS-CoV-2 and its variants can be visually detected via easy-to-use Cas13-based nucleic acid tests leveraging lyophilised reagents and fast sample inactivation at ambient temperature.

New approaches to vaccine development have generated exciting results over the past 18 months. Focusing on respiratory syncytial virus infection, influenza and tuberculosis, Fauci and Mascola discuss the impact of structure-based vaccine design, gene-based vaccine platforms and advances in adjuvant development.

In a phase 2 trial, nivolumab achieved a response rate of 58% in patients with mismatch-repair-deficient gynecological cancers, meeting the primary endpoint, and genomic and immunologic features correlated with response.

Wherry and colleagues define the kinetics of vaccine-primed recall immune responses during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) breakthrough infection, highlighting rapid activation of memory T cells and broadly enhanced immune responses in previously vaccinated individuals.

More than 90% of genetic variants associated with type 2 diabetes occur in non-coding regions. Scott et al. report genomes, epigenomes and transcriptomes of skeletal muscle from 271 participants with a range of glucose tolerances, revealing a genetic regulatory architecture enriched in muscle stretch/super enhancers.

Unmet need exists for a vaccine against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Here the authors report the establishment and evaluation, in mice and primates, of a series of MERS-CoV immunogens and show that they can serve as promising leads for vaccine development.

Outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fevers highlight the need for sensitive, field-deployable diagnostics. Here the authors present a CRISPR-based SHERLOCK platform with field protocol and mobile app for Ebola and Lassa fever outbreaks.

Here, combining X-ray crystallography, cryo-electron tomography and animal studies, the authors show that the monoclonal antibody against Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP1,2) 3A6 exerts protection via binds to a conformation of GP1,2 that is lifted from the virion membrane, providing insights into the mechanism of action with implications for the design of anti-Ebola therapeutics.

Sarcomas are rare tumours with many different subtypes and clinical outcomes; a broader knowledge of their genetic features is required. Here, the authors analyse 2138 soft tissue and bone sarcomas across 45 subtypes using MSK-IMPACT targeted sequencing and find genomic groups that are distinct from histological subgroups.

SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and memory B cells are significantly reduced, but CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells are robustly activated, in patients with multiple sclerosis on anti-CD20 monotherapy versus healthy controls after BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 mRNA vaccination.

Interaction between transcription factors and chromatin is fundamental for genome organization and regulation. Here, the authors use information theory to measure signatures of organized chromatin resulting from transcription factor-chromatin interactions, termed chromatin information enrichment, and find that variations in the information encoded in chromatin architecture reflects functional biological variation.

A chimpanzee adenovirus-based vaccination approach elicits acute and long-term protection against ebolavirus challenge in nonhuman primates.

Catalyst development in academia focuses on performance metrics, giving only secondary attention to costs despite their relevance for commercialization. Here, the authors analyse the properties of a handy and free cost estimation tool that can inform the early stages of catalysis research.