Cores taken from the central Arctic Ocean in the 2004 ACEX experiment show that the Arctic Ocean went from an oxygen-poor 'lake stage', to a transitional 'estuarine sea' phase with variable ventilation, and finally to the fully ventilated 'ocean' phase, some 17.5 Myr ago.
- Martin Jakobsson
- Jan Backman
- Kathryn Moran
