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The future of carbon dynamics in the northern high latitudes is uncertain yet represents an important potential feedback under climate change. This study uses a comprehensive observational dataset to show an increasing carbon sink in non-permafrost systems; in permafrost systems uptake was offset by loss.

Regulations on the amount of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances allowed in drinking water are getting more and more stringent, and detecting small amounts is challenging. A sensing platform based on a remote gate field-effect transistor allows a sensitivity higher than that required by the US Environmental Protection Agency to be reached.

A bedside-to-bench analysis identifies single-chain variable fragment linker length as an important component of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) structure and suggests that, in contrast to CD28-based CAR T cells, tonic signaling can be beneficial for 4-1BB-based CAR T cell function.

In a phase 1 trial followed by translational analyses, patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treated with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy targeting CD123 experienced high levels of cytokine release syndrome and short-lived clinical responses, probably due to CAR T cell-derived cytokines increasing the viability of AML blasts and antigen persistence.

The Vertebrate Genome Project has used an optimized pipeline to generate high-quality genome assemblies for sixteen species (representing all major vertebrate classes), which have led to new biological insights.

3D microprinting is considered a next generation manufacturing process for microscale components. Here, authors develop a generalised microscale 3D printing method to produce purely inorganic nanocrystal-linked porous materials that exhibit excellent functionality and hierarchical porosity.

An analysis of 780 breast cancer genomes shows that focal amplifications are frequently preceded by dicentric chromosome formation from inter-chromosomal translocations associated with oestrogen receptor binding, which leads to chromosome bridge formation and breakage, initiating the amplification process.

Synthetic chimeric orthogonal IL-2 receptors that incorporate the intracellular domain of receptors for other γ-chain cytokines such as IL-9 can reroute orthogonal signalling and alter the phenotype of T cells to improve anti-tumour responses.

Proteins have the potential to serve as powerful scaffolds that control the catalytic activity and selectivity of organometallic centres; however, new methods are needed to optimize artificial metalloenzymes. Now, an efficient approach for evolving the activity and selectivity of artificial metalloenzymes has been demonstrated using dirhodium cyclopropanases. This approach does not require structural or mechanistic data to guide mutagenesis.

Past intestinal distress is associated with diminished social behavior in mice. Here, the authors show that treatment with microbiota members that are enriched in neurotypical people versus people with ASD can ameliorate colitis severity and associated sociability deficits.

Bottom-up synthesis of colloidal metallic nanomaterials with a designable structure is challenging. Here, the authors report the directed crystallisation of gold by a single DNA molecular regulator, using it to synthesise gold nanocrystals with defined complex morphologies.

Studies of mouse and human IgA responses against Candida albicans and other common fungal species show that host adaptive immunity selects for fungal effectors that promote commensalism and prevent intestinal disease.

Profiling antibody responses to vast antigenic spaces has been challenging using programmable phage display (PhIP-Seq). Here, authors develop a methodology for compressing large proteomic spaces and have discovered human antibodies targeting gut bacteria-infecting phages.

A protocol for the production of human spinal-cord-like organoids that recapitulate the tube-forming morphogenesis of the early human spinal cord facilitates screening for antiepileptic drugs that can cause neural-tube defects.

Colloidal semiconductor core-shell nanocrystals are sought after for photonic applications. Here, the authors report coherent heteroepitaxial growth of Ag(In,Ga)S₂ core-shell nanocrystals with near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield across almost the full visible range.

Composition of the gut microbiota is regulated by IgA antibodies which are produced under the control of MHCII-restricted B cells. Here the authors show that MHCII polymorphisms sculpt bacterial composition of the gut, which influences a host’s susceptibility to enteric Salmonellainfection.

Hua and colleagues develop CAR T cells targeting CDH17 and show that they are effective at suppressing tumor growth in mouse and human models of neuroendocrine and gastrointestinal solid tumors, without damaging healthy tissues in preclinical models.

This study examines karyotypic selection and evolution in vitro using immortalized mammary and kidney epithelial cell lines, observing aneuploidy patterns specific to each origin tissue that are correlated with frequencies in patient tumors and independent of drivers such as TP53 mutation.

Coukos and colleagues conduct a phase 1 study to evaluate the benefit of adoptive transfer of ex vivo-expanded, vaccine-primed T cells in patients with ovarian cancer—a cancer type that often does not respond to immune checkpoint blockade.

Metabolites can be quantified using a combination of aptamers and DNA barcodes.

Tumor stroma is a key component of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Here, in preclinical PDAC models, the authors show that depletion of FAP-expressing cancer associated fibroblasts with FAP-targeted CAR T cells results in a loss of the integrity of the desmoplastic matrix, rendering tumors more susceptible to sequential treatment with mesothelin-targeted CAR-T cells.

Liu, Gao et al. develop EmoScan, an LLM-based system to screen for emotional disorders. Findings reveal that EmoScan effectively screens for emotional disorders with high accuracy and can provide detailed explanations, enhancing transparency and trust in automated mental health assessments.

Doil Choi and colleagues report the genome sequence of the hot pepper, Capsicum annuum, as well as the resequencing of two cultivated peppers and a wild species, Capsicum chinense. Comparative genomic analysis across Solanaceae provides insights into genome expansion, pungency, ripening and disease resistance in hot peppers.

Hydrogels are commonly used materials for tissue engineering, but they can lack the structural properties required for load-bearing and mechanical applications. Here, the authors prepare a polycaprolactone scaffold using melt-electrospinning to reinforce a gelatin methacrylamide hydrogel.

Systemic treatment of pancreatic cancer with STING agonist stimulates regulatory B cells to express immunosuppressive cytokine IL-35, which weakens the anti-tumour function of natural killer cells.

In young mice, antigens from the gut microbiota are trafficked by CX3CR1⁺ dendritic cells from the gut to the thymus, where they induce the expansion of T cells that are specific to commensal microorganisms.

Palmitoylation of proteins can have pathophysiological implications. Here, the authors show that palmitoylation enhances the proteasomal degradation of the histone demethylase PHF2, leading to increased lipogenesis and cell proliferation in an SREBP1c dependent manner and further show that PHF2 acts as an E3 ligase of SREBP1c, suppressing the growth of liver cancer cells.

A cellular-nanoporation method produces large quantities of exosomes containing therapeutic mRNAs and targeting peptides that restore tumour-suppressor function in mice with orthotopically implanted phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN)-deficient brain gliomas.

The antibiotic vancomycin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to a membrane-associated precursor. Here, Blaskovich et al. synthesize vancomycin derivatives containing lipophilic peptide moieties that enhance membrane affinity and in vivo activities against glycopeptide-resistant strains.

Wnts are important for synapse formation and maintenance. Here, the authors show that proline-rich 7 (PRR7) is a Wnt inhibitor that is secreted via exosomes to regulate excitatory synapse numbers.

Bacteroides fragilis is a member of the human intestinal microbiota. It is reported that a single molecule produced by this bacterium, polysaccharide A, can suppress the intestinal inflammatory response and thus protect from experimental colitis.

AIM2 suppresses colon tumorigenesis, independently of the inflammasome and IL-1β, by interacting with DNA-PK and inhibiting Akt activation.

During bacterial infection, tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase is secreted by monocytes and binds to macrophages via a TLR4–MD2 complex to induce phagocytosis and chemokine production, thereby serving as a primary defence system against infection.

IFNy can polarize macrophages in the tumour microenvironment to an inflammatory state and thereby contributes to their anti-tumour function. Here the authors show an underlying mechanism in this process is IFNy-driven STAT1 occupancy and activation of NRE1, a regulatory region within the NAMPT gene, thereby implicating inducible NAD salvage synthesis in TAM functions.

Response to inflammatory stimuli such as endotoxin is coordinated at many levels. Here, the authors show that two microRNAs known to regulate inflammatory response inside the cell are secreted by dendritic cells and modulate inflammatory signalling in the neighbouring cells.

A hypothesis is presented proposing that antibodies raised against commensal microorganisms shape the composition of the microbiota — through a process the authors call antibody-mediated immunoselection — and influence the overall health of the host.