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The doping level of cuprate superconductors is usually difficult to determine. Here, Drozdov et al. report spectroscopic studies of in-situ modified Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+δ, exploring not only the superconducting dome but also the previously inaccessible, non-superconducting regime of the phase diagram, with absolute determination of the doping level.

The processes that lead to losses of highly energetic particles from Earth’s radiation belts remain poorly understood. Here the authors compare observations and models of a 2013 event to show that electromagnetic ioncyclotron waves provide the dominant loss mechanism at ultra-relativistic energies.

Experimental measurements of high-order out-of-time-order correlators on a superconducting quantum processor show that these correlators remain highly sensitive to the quantum many-body dynamics in quantum computers at long timescales.

Typical quantum error correcting codes assign fixed roles to the underlying physical qubits. Now the performance benefits of alternative, dynamic error correction schemes have been demonstrated on a superconducting quantum processor.

The conducting surface states of 3D topological insulators are two-dimensional. In an analogous way, the edge states of 2D topological insulators are one-dimensional. Direct evidence of this one-dimensionality is now presented, by means of scanning tunnelling spectroscopy, for bismuth bilayers—one of the first theoretically predicted 2D topological insulators.

Colour code on a superconducting qubit quantum processor is demonstrated, reporting above-breakeven performance and logical error scaling with increased code size by a factor of 1.56 moving from distance-3 to distance-5 code.

A hybrid analogue–digital quantum simulator is used to demonstrate beyond-classical performance in benchmarking experiments and to study thermalization phenomena in an XY quantum magnet, including the breakdown of Kibble–Zurek scaling predictions and signatures of the Kosterlitz–Thouless phase transition.

In a quantum simulation of a (2+1)D lattice gauge theory using a superconducting quantum processor, the dynamics of strings reveal the transition from deconfined to confined excitations as the effective electric field is increased.

Measurements of the proton’s spin structure in experiments scattering a polarized electron beam off polarized protons in regions of low momentum transfer squared test predictions from chiral effective field theory of the strong interaction.

By implementing random circuit sampling, experimental and theoretical results establish the existence of transitions to a stable, computationally complex phase that is reachable with current quantum processors.

Superconducting single-photon detectors are critical for quantum communication, fluorescence lifetime imaging and remote sensing, but commonly operate at very low temperatures. Now, high-temperature cuprate superconducting nanowires enable single-photon detection up to 25 K.

High-resolution scanning tunnelling microscopy measurements show that chains of magnetic atoms on the surface of a superconductor provide a promising platform for realizing and manipulating Majorana fermion quasiparticles.

Low-energy electron microscopy enables controlled synthesis and characterization of (large) single-crystal borophene on metal substrates.

The pairing mechanism of cuprate superconductors is still under debate. Here, Valla et al. report that mass renormalization in Bi\(_{2}\)Sr\(_{2}\)CaCu\(_{2}\)O\(_{8+\delta }\) weakens with doping and disappears precisely where superconductivity disappears, eliminating phononic mechanism for pairing.

It is hoped that simulations of molecules and materials will provide a near-term application of quantum computers. A study of the performance of error mitigation highlights the obstacles to scaling up these calculations to practically useful sizes.

Borophene, a two-dimensional boron sheet, can adopt a variety of polymorphic structures that are predicted to possess interesting and potentially useful electronic properties. Micrometre-scale single-crystal borophene domains have now been grown on a square-lattice Cu(100) surface. The resulting boron sheets feature a rectangular unit cell, intrinsic stripe modulations and an unusual electron band structure.

Climate change strongly impacts regions in high latitudes and altitudes that store high amounts of carbon in yet frozen ground. Here the authors show that the consequence of these changes is global warming of permafrost at depths greater than 10 m in the Northern Hemisphere, in mountains, and in Antarctica.

A unitary protocol for braiding projective non-Abelian Ising anyons in a generalized stabilizer code is implemented on a superconducting processor, allowing for verification of their fusion rules and realization of their exchange statistics.

Measurement-induced phases of quantum information have been observed in a system of 70 superconducting qubits.

Two below-threshold surface code memories on superconducting processors markedly reduce logical error rates, achieving high efficiency and real-time decoding, indicating potential for practical large-scale fault-tolerant quantum algorithms.

Regulatory B cells (Breg) are known to suppress immune responses by secreting interleukin-10 (IL-10). Here the authors show that, alternatively, Bregs may also present lipid antigens on surface CD1d to induce IFN-γ production from invariant natural killer cells to ameliorate experimental arthritis via IL-10-independent pathways.