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Davidovich et al. investigate allele-specific DNA methylation inheritance patterns in mouse liver and muscle. Most patterns are Mendelian, but ~7% are non-Mendelian, including new imprinted genes and a paramutation at the Capn11 locus.

Electron density in TiS₂ is determined by synchrotron X-ray diffraction, which reveals significant differences between experimental data and theory for interlayer van der Waals interactions.

An investigation of plant receptor-like kinases identifies regions of these proteins that control whether immune or symbiotic signalling pathways are activated, with minimal changes to specific residues in one of these regions being sufficient to alter signalling specificity.

Understanding the underlying pathophysiology of obesity can help prevent this condition. Here, the authors perform a GWAS of BMI in diverse ancestries, finding four missense variants in FRS3 that affect BMI.

The identification of top spatially variable genes is a key step in the analysis of spatially-resolved transcriptomics data. Here, the authors develop a scalable method based on nearest-neighbor Gaussian processes and evaluate performance compared to existing and baseline methods.

The genetic variance that predicts educational attainment or intelligence test performance predicts individual-level voter turnout in a nationally representative sample and among people with psychiatric conditions, such as depression.

In this study, the authors investigate immune responses following a third (booster) SARS-CoV-2 vaccination dose in a cohort of healthcare professionals in Denmark. They find stronger immune responses among those with a prior infection, and correlation between lower antibody responses and higher risk of subsequent breakthrough infection.

Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are perceived by legumes and regulate symbiosis with rhizobia. Here the authors describe the structure of the Lotus EPS receptor, EPR3 and show that it has atypical βαββ and βαβ folds that represent a structural signature for a unique class of EPS receptors in the plant kingdom.

In magnetoelectric materials, the magnetization can be controlled by the application of an electric field, making it comparatively easy to switch magnetization, which is attractive for data storage and other proposed devices. Unfortunately, the effect in single-phase materials is typically fairly weak. Here Fogh et al. demonstrate a two orders of magnitude enhancement of the magnetoelectric coupling in LiNi_0.8Fe_0.2PO₄ compared to the parent compounds.

Andrew Feinberg and colleagues report whole-genome bisulfite sequencing of three colon cancers and matched normal tissue and two adenomatous polyps. The authors identify large blocks of relative hypomethylation over half of the genome.

Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is known to be involved in defence against DNA viruses, but its role in the control of RNA viruses remains poorly explored. Here the authors show that STING participates in an innate immune response to RNA virus infection in a cGAS-independent manner.

NMDA receptors are complexes of NR1 and NR2 subunits that mediate excitatory synaptic transmission and have roles in neurological disorders. Here, a subunit-selective potentiator of NMDA receptors is identified, which may allow the evaluation of the functional roles of individual NMDA receptor subunits.

This paper reports that there are substantial differences in DNA methylation patterns between nurses and forager caste phenotypes in honeybees, and that reverting foragers back to nurses reestablishes methylation levels for a majority of genes.

Chou et al. demonstrate that activation of the thrombin receptor protease-activated receptor 1 in the lung lymphatic vasculature mediates morphological changes in lymphatic endothelial cell junctions to augment lung lymphatic drainage in models of lung injury.

Results show the minimum sequencing depth required for the discovery of differentially methylated regions at desired sensitivity and specificity and the trade-off between adding more replicates versus increasing sequencing depth.

Establishing the relative transmissibility of emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 is key for pandemic management. Here, the authors use full-population administrative data from Denmark linked to PCR test results and estimate that the Alpha variant was ~60% higher than other strains circulating in early 2021.

A high proportion of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases in Denmark were sequenced during the pandemic and linked to demographic, spatial and temporal data. Here, the authors analyse 290,000 genomes sampled in 2021 to demonstrate the value of this high coverage, detailed data set.

This study investigates the dynamics of immunological markers after first SARS-CoV-2 vaccination dose in cohort of healthcare professionals in Denmark. Natural infection was associated with higher antibody responses, and IgG decline varied by age, sex, T-cell response, previous infection, and interval between vaccine doses.

By exploiting the unique structural motifs and self-recognition properties of DNA, it is possible to generate self-assembled DNA nanostructures of specific shapes. Here, a previously described DNA 'origami' method has been extended into three dimensions to create an addressable DNA box on the nanometre scale that can be opened by an externally supplied DNA key'.

OTULIN is a deubiquitinase for linear ubiquitin chains. Here the authors show, using genetic mouse models and single-cell RNA-sequencing, that deficiency of OTULIN in keratinocytes causes skin inflammation and verrucous carcinoma via the induction of keratinocyte death, thereby implicating a function of OTULIN in keratinocyte homeostasis.

Methods to probe DNA methylation in the majority of non-human mammals are lacking. Here the authors developed a Mammalian Methylation Array that includes 36k well-conserved CpGs in mammals which will facilitate cross-species comparisons. They annotate the conserved CpGs in > 200 species. The array allows one to measure methylation in all mammalian species including unsequenced ones.

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are key regulators of neuronal excitability in the brain and NMDAR mutations are implicated in epilepsy. Here, the authors identify a NMDAR subunit mutation in a child with epileptic encephalopathy, and show that this mutation increases the activity of NMDAR channels.

Using nanopore sequencing as readout, nanoNOMe–seq enables chromosome-level allele-specific profiles of CpG methylation and chromatin accessibility on human cells, in which the chromatin accessibility is profiled through exogenous GpC methylation introduced by a GpC methyltransferase.

Photoinduced non-adiabatic intramolecular processes have important applications but their mechanisms are challenging to explore. Here the authors detect and assign vibrational wavepacket dynamics in a Fe carbene complex by ultrafast X-ray emission spectroscopy and X-ray scattering, resolving nuclear and electronic motion.

The first genome sequence of an ancient human is reported. It comes from an approximately 4,000-year-old permafrost-preserved hair from a male from the first known culture to settle in Greenland. Functional single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assessment is used to assign possible phenotypic characteristics and high-confidence SNPs are compared to those of contemporary populations to find those most closely related to the individual.

Reanalysis of the spectra associated with the merger of two neutron stars identifies strontium, spectroscopically establishing the origin of the heavy elements created by rapid neutron capture and proving that neutron stars comprise neutron-rich matter.

Genotypes causing pregnancy loss and perinatal mortality are depleted among living individuals and are therefore difficult to find. Here, using genetic data for 1.52 million individuals, the authors identify 25 genes with protein-altering variants exhibiting a strong deficit of homozygosity, suggesting they are essential for successful early development.

Samples of different body regions from hundreds of human donors are used to study how genetic variation influences gene expression levels in 44 disease-relevant tissues.

Ionotropic glutamate receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate excitatory neurotransmission, which is crucial for memory and learning. New cryo-electron microscopy structures of these receptors trapped in distinct functional states provide remarkable insight into conformational changes triggered by agonist binding.

Food allergy is a growing clinical and public health burden. Here, the authors carry out a genome-wide association study in samples with well-defined allergies to a variety of foods, and identify the 6p21.32 region that significantly increases risk of developing peanut allergy.

Suppression of quantum tunneling in molecular magnets is key for their magnetic behaviours to be exploitable. Here, the authors show that tuning the geometry of lanthanide single-ion magnets leads to a suppression of the quantum tunneling, finding a three-fold reduction of the tunnel splitting upon changing the crystal field symmetry.

The underlying genetics of carpal tunnel syndrome is not well understood. Here, the authors perform a GWAS meta-analysis for carpal tunnel syndrome finding variants at 50 loci with connections to the extracellular matrix discovered through various functional analyses.

Scalable solutions for data regeneration of multiple parallel channels are elusive. Here the authors report a scalable wavelength-division multiplexing technique for phase regeneration and demonstrate the highest reported number of regenerated wavelength-division multiplexed channels in a single phase regenerator.

Little is known about the biology of back pain, a leading cause of disability. Here the authors report 30 new back pain loci, implicating genes involved in cartilage/bone biology, as well as neurological and inflammatory processes.

InWeb_InBioMap (InWeb_IM for short) is a scored, integrated human protein–protein interaction network resource aggregated from public, experimentally determined protein–protein interactions. The resource enables functional interpretation of large-scale genomics data.

To measure selection on variants, whole-genome sequencing of approximately 150,000 individuals from the UK Biobank is used to rank sequence variants by their level of depletion.

Phenotypic variation and diseases are influenced by factors such as genetic variants and gene expression. Here, Barbeira et al. develop S-PrediXcan to compute PrediXcan results using summary data, and investigate the effects of gene expression variation on human phenotypes in 44 GTEx tissues and >100 phenotypes.

Using the GTEx data and others, a comprehensive analysis of adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing in mammals is presented; targets of the various ADAR enzymes are identified, as are several potential regulators of editing, such as AIMP2.

Genotype prediction from RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data has become widespread, but there is a lack of clarity in current policy and inconsistency in data handling. To address this we call for a framework consisting of registered access for RNA-seq data, controlled access for genotypes, a code of conduct and enhanced downstream protections.

The authors show that rare genetic variants contribute to large gene expression changes across diverse human tissues and provide an integrative method for interpretation of rare variants in individual genomes.

Multiple transcriptome approaches, including single-cell sequencing, demonstrate that escape from X chromosome inactivation is widespread and occasionally variable between cells, chromosomes, and tissues, resulting in sex-biased expression of at least 60 genes and potentially contributing to sex-specific differences in health and disease.

An extensive profile of DNA methylation in neuronal and non-neuronal cells across four brain regions is reported, showing that differential epigenetic marks are enriched for DNA variants associated with neuropsychiatric traits.