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The authors summarize the data produced by phase III of the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project, a resource for better understanding of the human and mouse genomes.

A genome-wide association study including over 76,000 individuals with schizophrenia and over 243,000 control individuals identifies common variant associations at 287 genomic loci, and further fine-mapping analyses highlight the importance of genes involved in synaptic processes.

Here, the authors present a multi-omic framework using single cell technology to identify non-coding genetic variants in cranial motor neuron disorders, offering insights into their genetic basis and methods for studying other Mendelian diseases.

Automated reconstruction of dense neural networks in the ventral nerve cord of the fruit fly provides a resource for investigating the neural control of movement.

α-Synuclein and tau can form multiple amyloid structures or strains that are associated with different neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting a strain–toxicity relationship. Now, it has been shown that O-GlcNAc modification of α-synuclein results in the formation of an amyloid strain that is largely nonpathogenic in vivo, supporting structure-dependent toxicity and another protective role for O-GlcNAc.

We use connectomics to compare the wiring logic of premotor circuits controlling the Drosophila leg and wing, finding that both premotor networks cluster into modules that link motor neurons innervating muscles with related functions.

Determining whether somatosensory neurons are involved in internal or external sensing remains a challenge. Here, the authors show that analyzing connectivity is a powerful approach to identify putative neural functions of somatosensory neurons in the fly.

Large language models show potential in suggesting common functions for a gene set.

The neural mechanisms underlying how the brain generates internal models of the environment is not fully understood. Here authors show that mouse perirhinal cortex is involved in forming stable stimulus-outcome associations, possibly via cholinergic signaling.

Brain genetic co-expression networks pinpoint specific, convergent synaptic pathways—rather than the complement system—through which genetic variation at the C4 locus imparts risk for schizophrenia.

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an anti-inflammatory drug proposed as a treatment for COVID19. Here the results are reported from a randomised trial testing DMF treatment in 713 patients hospitalised with COVID-19. DMF was not associated with any improvement in day 5 outcomes.

Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing and chromatin-accessibility analyses in rice (a C₃ plant) and sorghum (a C₄ plant) provide insight into how C₄ photosynthesis evolved in bundle-sheath cells, revealing that the acquisition of ancestral cis-elements was key.

The authors defined a roadmap for investigating the genetic covariance between structural or functional brain phenotypes and risk for psychiatric disorders. Their proof-of-concept study using the largest available common variant data sets for schizophrenia and volumes of several (mainly subcortical) brain structures did not find evidence of genetic overlap.

An avalanching-nanoparticle force sensor that can operate in the piconewton-to-micronewton range with exceptional force responsiveness is achieved by using the mechanical sensitivity of the photon-avalanching process.

Necroptosis, a form of cell death, occurs in acute renal injury. Here, the authors show that ferroptosis—a form of cell death dependent on iron - also occurs during acute kidney injury, and show that an inhibitor of ferroptosis can improve survival in a mouse model of acute kidney damage.

An overall downregulation of RNA editing was observed in postmortem brains from people with autism, which was consistent across brain regions and genetic disorder subtypes. These changes were regulated by the RNA-binding proteins FMRP and FXR1P.

Openshaw and colleagues find myeloid inflammation and complement activation signatures in patients with long COVID who were previously hospitalized.

Dai et al. present a streamlined approach for the design and engineering of synthetic biomolecular condensates for controlling different cellular processes, such as gene flow, transcriptional regulation and modulation of protein circuits.

The mantle of the Earth influences many dynamic processes such as crust formation, recycling and mantle convection. This Review describes modern isotopic methods used to characterize plume-derived basalts and gain insight into the composition of the mantle.

Stephen Adler and colleagues report on a spectral digital autoradiography device based on a Timepix3 sensor and an external CeBr3 crystal. It has the capability of using gamma and charge particle coincidences to generate radioisotope specific images

Digital reconstruction of honey bee combs using X-ray micro-computed tomography provides a computational tool to analyze comb geometry and material distribution. Ranging from the individual-cell scale to the whole hive, this tool allows investigation of the relationship between comb architecture, the environment, and social behavior.

Chromodomain Helicase DNA-binding (CHD) proteins have been implicated in neurodevelopmental processes. Here, the authors identify missense variants in CHD3 that disturb its chromatin remodeling activities and cause a neurodevelopmental disorder with macrocephaly and speech and language impairment.

The astronomical event GW170817, detected in gravitational and electromagnetic waves, is used to determine the expansion rate of the Universe, which is consistent with and independent of existing measurements.

This behavioral study finds that when subjects pose expressions of fear, they have a subjectively larger visual field, faster eye movements, and an increase in nasal volume and air velocity during breathing in. Posing expressions of disgust, an expression objectively opposite to fear, produced opposite results. Emotional facial expressions may therefore modify preparedness for perception and action.

The authors summarize the history of the ENCODE Project, the achievements of ENCODE 1 and ENCODE 2, and how the new data generated and analysed in ENCODE 3 complement the previous phases.