The incidence ofClostridium difficileinfection (CDI) has increased in the past decade, with greater numbers of patients with refractory and recurrent CDI being seen. In this Review, the authors discuss the role of medical therapy (including antibiotics, immune approaches and fecal microbiota transplant) in the treatment of refractory and recurrent disease as well as that of surgery for refractory CDI.
- Christina M. Surawicz
- Jacob Alexander