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Non-pharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19 control impacted transmission of other pathogens including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Here, the authors perform phylodynamic analyses of RSV genomes from New Zealand to explore dynamics before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

The factors influencing risk of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 are poorly understood. Here, the authors use data from the UK COVID-19 Infection Survey, a community based longitudinal study, to assess characteristics of ~45,000 reinfections compared to initial infections.

Gene-edited waxy corn lines have higher yields in field trials than hybrids produced by traditional trait introgression.

Here, Urzi et al. pioneered a 2D self-organizing neuromuscular junction (soNMJ) model from human pluripotent stem cells, with implications for neuromuscular disease modeling and drug screening approaches.

Rudloff et al. examine the kinetics of CD8⁺ T cell dysfunction/exhaustion. Tumor-specific CD8⁺ T cells in the tumor environment exhibit epigenetic modifications within hours, before cell division. The findings suggest a temporal relationship between tumor antigen exposure, chromatin remodeling and dysfunction ‘imprinting’.

Plasmodium infection activates signaling pathways in a-nucleated erythrocytes. Here, Adderley et al. use a comprehensive antibody microarray to show that infection extensively modulates host cell signalling and that the host receptor tyrosine kinase c-MET supports Plasmodium falciparum proliferation.

Genetic and testing data from England show that the SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern B.1.1.7 has a transmission advantage over other lineages.

Infusion of CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor T cells into two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia resulted in complete tumour remission and persistence of the infused cells more than ten years later.

Izar and colleagues demonstrate that loss of Pip4k2c in melanoma cells promotes liver metastatic tropism driven by PI3K-AKT pathway activation in the insulin-rich liver milieu, which can be abrogated by inhibition of SGLT2 or a ketogenic diet.

Lineage fate in the thymus is imposed by the antagonizing effects of the transcription factors ThPOK and Runx3. Park and colleagues show that ThPOK-induced SOCS factors are required for differentiation into the CD4⁺ T cell lineage.

Stem cells exist in vitro in a spectrum of interconvertible pluripotent states. Here, authors show that pluripotency and self-renewal processes have a high level of regulatory complexity and suggest that genetic factors contribute to cell state transitions in human iPSC lines.

Free-electron lasers are capable of high repetition rates and it is assumed that protein crystals often do not survive the first X-ray pulse. Here the authors address these issues with a demonstration of multi-hit serial crystallography in which multiple FEL pulses interact with the sample without destroying it.

Analysis of single-cell expression data from the middle temporal gyrus of five primates together with analysis of network connectivity across 19 animals identifies genes with human-specific cellular expression and co-expression profiles that might contribute to evolutionary change in brain function.

How neurons and neuronal activity regulate astrocyte functions is poorly understood. Haselet al. identify two large groups of astrocytic genes that are regulated by neuronal contact and synaptic activity respectively, with distinct roles in astrocytic function; interestingly, many of these genes are dysregulated in neurodegeneration.

Elder et al. investigated the de novo proteome in isolated hippocampal slices of young APP/PS1 Alzheimer’s model mice and revealed that large-scale changes in protein synthesis precede symptom onset. These results suggest that broad dysregulation of protein synthesis could contribute toward cellular dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease.

Sub-lethal marine heatwaves is shown experimentally to lead to suppression of reproduction in sea urchins. This effect helps explain historical collapses in larval supply that affect population dynamics and is consistent for populations across the latitudinal range.

Stomata enable gas exchange for photosynthesis but close to promote survival during drought. Here, Henry et al. provide evidence for a safety-efficiency trade-off whereby plants with greater stomatal conductance under well-watered conditions are more sensitive to stomatal closure during dehydration.

A systematic analysis of lignin biosynthetic genes to quantitatively understand their effect on wood properties is still lacking. Here, the authors integrate transcriptomic, proteomic, fluxomic and phenomic data to quantify the impact of perturbations of transcript abundance on lignin biosynthesis and wood properties.

There is concern that ocean acidification will negatively affect the sensory abilities and behaviour of marine fishes. This study shows that negative impacts of elevated CO₂ on fish behaviour are not diminished by transgenerational acclimation.

Malaria on Bioko Island has been reduced substantially but many acquire malaria while traveling. Here, the authors use survey data, geostatistical and mathematical modeling to investigate malaria prevalence and mobility patterns and find that in some parts of the island a significant fraction of prevalence is attributable to malaria acquired while traveling.

Here, Khurana et al. report the results of a phase 4 clinical trial with three FDA approved influenza vaccines and show that repeat influenza vaccination results in reduced antibody affinity maturation to hemagglutinin domain 1 irrespective of vaccine platform.

High-coverage, ultra-long-read nanopore sequencing is used to create a new human genome assembly that improves on the coverage and accuracy of the current reference (GRCh38) and includes the gap-free, telomere-to-telomere sequence of the X chromosome.

The so-called accretion flow that powers the growth of supermassive black holes in galaxy centres is assumed to be dominated by a smooth, steady flow of very hot plasma, but now observations instead reveal a clumpy accretion of very cold molecular clouds onto a supermassive black hole in the nucleus of a nearby giant elliptical galaxy.

Rare species may have an advantage in a community by suffering less from disease; here it is shown that, because pathogens are shared among species, it is not just the abundance of a particular species but the structure of the whole community that affects exposure to disease.

Quantifying the temperature impacts of anthropogenic emissions helps monitor proximity to the Paris Agreement goals. Human activities warmed global mean temperature during the past decade by 0.9 to 1.3 °C above 1850–1900 values, with 1.2 to 1.9 °C from greenhouse gases and −0.7 to −0.1 °C from aerosols.

The role of IgG glycosylation in the immune response has been studied, but less is known about IgM glycosylation. Here the authors characterize glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 spike specific IgM and show that it correlates with COVID-19 severity and affects complement deposition.

A genomic constraint map for the human genome constructed using data from 76,156 human genomes from the Genome Aggregation Database shows that non-coding constrained regions are enriched for regulatory elements and variants associated with complex diseases and traits.

Multi-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analyses identify risk loci for cannabis use disorder. Genomic structural equation modeling and genetic correlation analyses show overlap with several other traits, including impulsivity and psychopathology.

Buter et al. elucidated the biological function of the terpene nucleoside 1-TbAd, which is made abundantly by virulent but not avirulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, and demonstrate that 1-TbAd regulates the pH and function of host macrophage endolysosomes.

RNA epigenetic drug development enters a new era, as companies start revealing targets and evidence of preclinical efficacy.

Guccione and colleagues identify and characterize a sorafenib derivative, WNTinib, with therapeutic efficacy in β-catenin-mutated hepatocellular carcinoma and identify EZH2 as important for the activity of the inhibitor.

Tasha Fingerlin, David Schwartz and colleagues report a genome-wide association study of fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Their results confirm known risk variants at MUC5B and TERT and identify several new regions associated with disease susceptibility.

The prevalence of obesity in adolescents is increasing, and the management of these patients presents unique challenges not seen in adults. Here, Baur and colleagues review the different options for treating obesity in adolescents.

Genome-wide data from 166 East Asian individuals dating to between 6000 bc and ad 1000 and from 46 present-day groups provide insights into the histories of mixture and migration of human populations in East Asia.

In this Review, the authors summarize and discuss the existing evidence on the incidence, prevalence and mortality of systemic lupus erythematosus across different world regions, with a focus on studies from the past 5 years.

Sera from vaccinated individuals and some monoclonal antibodies show a modest reduction in neutralizing activity against the B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2; but the E484K substitution leads to a considerable loss of neutralizing activity.

Ecosystem services provided by dung beetles are an underappreciated component of terrestrial ecosystems. Here, the authors report a standardized distributed experiment which shows that dung removal rate, a key ecosystem process in pastures, is greater under high beetle functional diversity regardless of grazing intensity.

Chronic infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to the emergence of viral variants that show reduced susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies in an immunosuppressed individual treated with convalescent plasma.

Post-international travel quarantine has been widely implemented to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission, but the impacts of such policies are unclear. Here, the authors used linked genomic and contact tracing data to assess the impacts of a 14-day quarantine on return to England in summer 2020.

A strategy for inferring phase for rare variant pairs is applied to exome sequencing data for 125,748 individuals from the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD). This resource will aid interpretation of rare co-occurring variants in the context of recessive disease.

Tumour necrosis is associated with tumour aggressiveness and poor outcomes in patients with glioblastomas, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, the authors show that in a xenograft mouse model of glioblastoma, tumour-infiltrating neutrophils amplify necrosis by promoting myeloperoxidase-induced tumour cell ferroptosis.

The duration and strength of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection resulting from a booster vaccine dose or breakthrough infection are not well understood. This study uses data from the UK COVID-19 Infection Survey to investigate correlates of protection against Omicron BA.4/5 infection and assess antibody responses to booster vaccination and breakthrough infections.