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Measurements of mercury species and metagenomic analyses of Antarctic snow, brine, sea ice, and seawater suggest that mercury methylation may be conducted by the marine microaerophilic bacterium Nitrospina in Antarctic sea ice.

A characteristic of costal-pelagic fishes is their large population size fluctuations, yet the drivers remain elusive. Here, the authors analyze a 45-year timeseries of nitrogen stable isotopes measured in larvae of Northern Anchovy and find that high energy transfer efficiency from the base of the food web up to young larvae confers high survival and recruitment to the adult population.

The Snf1-related kinase (SNRK) is widely expressed and yet its function is poorly understood. Here the authors show that SNRK regulates mitochondrial coupling via the Trib3-PPARα-UCP3 pathway and that cardiac overexpression of SNRK decreases metabolic substrate usage and oxygen consumption but maintains cardiac function and energy in mice.

Post-infectious myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (PI-ME/CFS) is a disabling disorder, yet the clinical phenotype is poorly defined and the pathophysiology unknown. Here, the authors conduct deep phenotyping of a cohort of PI-ME/CFS patients.

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, managing ecosystem health, and preventing biological invasions and biodiversity loss could help to reduce the burden of plant, animal and human diseases, especially when coupled with improvements to social and economic determinants of health.

The size of dicotyledon leaves and their venation vary enormously across ecosystems. In this study, using 485 plant species, scaling relationships are presented between vein traits and leaf size, and explained based on a developmental algorithm that demonstrates why smaller leaves persist in drier areas.

Solid-state emissions from coal burning remain an environmental concern. Here, the authors have found that TiO2 minerals present in coal are converted into titanium suboxides during burning, and initial biotoxicity screening suggests that further testing is needed to look into human lung consequences.

Accumulating evidence suggests that disruption of autophagy is associated with neurodegeneration. Here the authors show that Plekhg5 acts as a GEF for Rab26, a small GTPase that promotes the autophagy of synaptic vesicles in neurons; mice lacking Plekgh5 develop late-onset motoneuron degeneration.

Time of day influences immune responses and lethality in response to LPS, with survival greatest at the beginning compared to the end of the light cycle. Here the authors show that feeding, rather than light, controls time-of-day dependent LPS sensitivity through the liver clock and hepatic FXR signalling.

Merz and colleagues perform single-cell multiomic analysis of mononuclear cells isolated from individuals receiving BCMA-directed CAR T cell therapy for myeloma and show that nonresponders are characterized by an immune-suppressive microenvironment.

Donato et al. show that Fbxo15 targets acetylated KBP for degradation to limit mitochondrial expansion, whereas KBP accumulation promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in a Kif1Bα-dependent manner.

The authors investigate the broad-scale climatological and soil properties that co-vary with major axes of plant functional traits. They find that variation in plant size is attributed to latitudinal gradients in water or energy limitation, while variation in leaf economics traits is attributed to both climate and soil fertility including their interaction.

We present best practice guidelines for the use of concurrent TMS-fMRI, experimental design, technical requirements and data interpretation, illustrated via 12 use cases.

B cells need at least two signals to terminally differentiate into antibody-secreting cells. Pierce and colleagues show that persistent exposure to antigen in the absence of T cell help or ‘pathogen pattern motifs’ leads to B cell death via a calcium-dependent ‘metabolic timer’.

Hepatic gluconeogenesis is tightly regulated at transcriptional level and is essential for survival during prolonged fasting. Here Wang et al. show that the mitochondrial enriched GCN5-like 1 protein controls hepatic glucose production by regulating FoxO1 protein levels via proteasome-dependent degradation and, in turn, gluconeogenic gene expression.

Targeting therapeutically-relevant proteins for degradation is an emerging paradigm in drug discovery. Here the authors describe a sensitive pulse SILAC mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach that reports global changes in protein stability following drug treatment in a single time point experiment.

As photosynthesis requires water, its transport to and within leaves is a potential determinant of photosynthetic productivity. This comparison of 30 species of Viburnum shows how variations in venation architecture constrain photosynthetic rate.

The crystal structures of thalidomide and its derivatives bound to the E3 ligase subcomplex DDB1–CRBN are shown; these drugs are found to have dual functions, interfering with the binding of certain cellular substrates to the E3 ligase but promoting the binding of others, thereby modulating the degradation of cellular proteins.

Here it is shown that the NAD-dependent deacetylase SIRT2 is an essential component of necrosis, and that mouse hearts that do not contain SIRT2 or that are treated with a pharmacological inhibitor of SIRT2 are largely protected from ischaemic injury.

A combination of SILAC-MS, genome-wide nucleosome mapping and live-cell imaging reveal rapid histone degradation and global chromatin decompaction after the induction of DNA double-strand breaks in S. cerevisiae.

In a screen of peripheral blood cells from fasted or fed individuals, Han et al. identify FOXO4 and its target FKBP5 as fasting-induced modulators of CD4⁺ T helper cell responsiveness.

A scalable thermal drawing process is used to integrate light-emitting and photodetecting diodes into textile-ready polymer fibres, which can be woven into fabrics with possible optical communication and health monitoring applications.

This Comment discusses the potential effects of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) on the immune system independently of obesity, by which UPFs might dysregulate the balance between the gut microbiota and immune cells.

During intraerythrocytic development, malaria parasites replicate within a membrane-bound parasitophorous vacuole. In this Review, Matz, Beck and Blackman explore the origin, development, molecular composition and functions of the parasitophorous vacuole during blood-stage development. They also discuss the relevance of the malaria parasite’s intravacuolar lifestyle for successful erythrocyte infection and provide perspectives for future research directions.