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Antibiotic resistance poses a critical global health threat. Here, the authors identify a carbapenem resistant clone of uropathogenic Escherichia coli with atypical virulence features as an increasing cause of urinary tract infection

As presented at the 2025 World Conference on Lung Cancer, in a multiarm phase 2 trial, perioperative immunotherapy was safe and feasible in patients with resectable diffuse pleural mesothelioma, with exploratory data suggesting that ctDNA kinetics could be informative of tumor regression and post-treatment survival.

Alterations in the tumour suppressor genes STK11 and/or KEAP1 can identify patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer who are likely to benefit from combinations of PD-(L)1 and CTLA4 immune checkpoint inhibitors added to chemotherapy.

As presented at the 2025 ASCO Annual Meeting: in a randomized platform phase II trial, high rates of pathologic complete response were seen for neoadjuvant durvalumab plus chemotherapy when combined with new agents, most notably a TROP2-targeting antibody–drug conjugate, in patients with resectable non-small-cell lung cancer.

In a phase 2 trial, the combination of chemotherapy with durvalumab, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, exhibited promising clinical activity in patients with previously untreated, unresectable mesothelioma, with additional analyses providing insights into genomic and immunologic features potentially associated with response.

Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of 393 non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors identifies molecular features associated with response.

Although individual genes that distinguish tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells from bystander T cells in tumors have been described, a functionally meaningful integrative signature has not been established. Here authors show that mutation-associated neoantigen-specific CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes can be recognized by MANAscore, an algorithm that uses weighted expression levels of CXCL13, ENTPD1 and IL7R in single-cell RNAseq datasets of lung cancer and melanoma patients as input.

Analysis of the phase 3 CheckMate 816 trial shows that the depth of pathologic response as assessed by percent residual viable tumor is correlated with event-free survival following neoadjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy, supporting pathologic response as a biomarker of survival.

Anagnostou et al. present an improved predictor of response to immune checkpoint blockade that integrates estimates of tumor mutational burden corrected for tumor purity, RTK genomic alterations, a smoking-related mutational signature and HLA status.

In the phase 2 HUDSON study, patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer received anti-PD-L1 combined with biomarker-guided therapy targeting ATR kinase, PARP, STAT3 or CD73, leading to encouraging clinical benefit in response to combination of the ATR kinase inhibitor ceralasertib with durvalumab.

DNA from tumour cells can be detected in the blood of cancer patients. Here, the authors show that cell free DNA fragmentation patterns can identify lung cancer patients and when this information is further interrogated it can be used to predict lung cancer histological subtype.

Genomic analyses in large cohorts of patients with cancer identify a new measure of tumor mutational burden, based on genomic regions that are unlikely to undergo loss, that is associated with therapeutic response to immunotherapy.

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are an urgent threat to human health. Here, Roberts et al. characterise and monitor an ongoing hospital outbreak of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter hormaechei by integrating several technologies for whole-genome sequencing and shotgun metagenomics.

Single-cell RNA sequencing and T cell receptor sequencing are combined to identify transcriptional programs specific to mutation-associated neoantigen-specific T cells in non-small cell lung cancers treated with anti-PD-1, providing insights into resistance to PD-1 blockade.

In mouse models of pulmonary metastasis, adjuvant epigenetic therapy targeting myeloid-derived suppressor cells disrupts the premetastatic microenvironment after resection of primary tumours and inhibits the dissemination of residual tumour cells.

The NEOSTAR trial is a key step on route to better outcomes; but the best approach is likely to be an individualized one, reflecting the many factors that influence treatment response.

In this study, Massachusetts Consortium for Pathogen Readiness (MassCPR) investigators assess the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 viral load and COVID-19 disease severity and report that the levels of detectable viral RNA, especially in plasma, correlates with severity of respiratory disease, inflammatory markers and predicted risk of death.

Analyses of fragmentation patterns of cell-free DNA in the blood of patients with cancer and healthy individuals using a machine learning algorithm provide a proof-of principle approach for the early detection and screening of human cancer.

In the past few years, several studies have addressed the possibility of using immunotherapies to treat patients with mesothelioma. Herein, we discuss two recent trials, one testing the immune-checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab and the other testing a mesothelin-directed therapeutic vaccine, and reflect on the advances and challenges remaining in this research area.

Several trials are testing immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), alone or in combination with chemotherapy, in patients with resectable non-small-cell lung cancer as an adjuvant, neoadjuvant or perioperative approach. However, the optimal use of ICIs with curative intent in patients with early stage non-small-cell lung cancer remains unclear. The authors of this Review discuss the current trial landscape and discuss challenges and opportunities.

A study underscores the emergence of a qacA-harbouring multidrug-resistant sequence type 45 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineage, highlighting the potential impact of biocide tolerance on its recent clonal spread in Australia and Asia.