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Landauer’s principle connects entropy and energy dissipation in non-equilibrium processes. An experiment now uses this principle to measure entropy production in a Bose gas to resolve contributions from correlations and dissipation.

Large volumes of true random numbers are needed for increasing requirements of secure data encryption. Here the authors use the stochastic nature of DNA synthesis to obtain millions of gigabytes of unbiased randomness.

Here, the authors present genome-wide aDNA from 138 Early Bronze Age individuals from Lower Austria. Their findings point to a patrilocal society with non-strict female exogamic practices and long-distance genetic connections across Central Europe.

This study presents BERT, an algorithm for high-performance integration of incomplete omics data with robustness to unequal phenotype distribution. It validates the method on simulated and experimental data from proteomics, metabolomics and transcriptomics.

HIV remission of more than 6 years was achieved in a patient with functional viral co-receptors after CCR5 wild-type/Δ32 allogeneic stem cell transplantation, providing evidence of other mechanisms that can be harnessed to attain long-term remission.

The scaling of entanglement entropy and mutual information is key for the understanding of correlated states of matter. An experiment now reports the measurement of von Neumann entropy and mutual information in a quantum field simulator.

The authors developed a neuromorphic chip with on-chip learning and support for diverse memory devices. It bridges brain-inspired computing and emerging tech, enabling efficient, flexible testing and advancing next-gen neuromorphic architectures.

The precise characterization of magnetic fields with a bandwidth of up to 3 GHz and localized on a nanometric scale is achieved by means of the coherent control of single electron and nuclear spins.

Leveraging in-memory computing with emerging gain-cell devices, the authors accelerate attention—a core mechanism in large language models. They train a 1.5-billion-parameter model, achieving up to a 70,000-fold reduction in energy consumption and a 100-fold speed-up compared with GPUs.

In hepatocellular carcinoma driven by non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, aberrant T cell activation and impaired immune surveillance seem to make hepatocellular carcinoma less responsive to anti-PD1 or anti-PDL1 immunotherapy.

Connecting two superfluid reservoirs leads to both particle and entropy flow between the systems. Now, a direct measurement of the entropy current and production in ultracold quantum gases reveals how superfluidity enhances entropy transport.

Investigating crystalline materials often requires calculations for many variations of a system, substantially increasing the computational burden. By training a transferable neural wavefunction across these variations, the cost can be reduced by approximately 50-fold for systems such as graphene and lithium hydride.

Dataset integration is common practice to overcome limitations in statistically underpowered omics datasets. Here the authors present “HarmonizR”, a tool for missing data tolerant experimental variance reduction in large, integrated but independently generated datasets without data imputation, adjustable for individual dataset modalities, correction algorithm, and user preferences.

The first annotated chromosome-level reference genome assembly for pea, Gregor Mendel’s original genetic model, provides insights into legume genome evolution and the molecular basis of agricultural traits for pea improvement.

Simultaneous activation of Wnt and Shh pathways in murine neural precursor cells results in the formation of embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes (ETMR) that recapitulate the histological and molecular features of human tumors. This novel mouse model represents a platform for evaluating therapeutic approaches for this rare malignant pediatric brain tumor, and provides novel insights into the cell of origin and molecular mechanisms driving the disease.

Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 can be used to treat infections but there is a risk of driving viral resistance to antibodies. Here the authors characterise SARS-CoV-2 escape mutants from an immunocompromised patient treated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using mouse protection studies and structural prediction.

The authors generate a genome-wide dataset of 102 individuals who lived in Crete, the Greek mainland and the Aegean islands between the Neolithic and the Iron Age, identifying high levels of biological and cultural connectedness within the ancient Aegean.

Medulloblastomas (MBs) are highly heterogeneous paediatric brain tumours that remain challenging to treat. Here, the authors integrate proteomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics and post-translational modification analyses to find molecular subgroups and potential therapeutic targets in MB tumours.

A combination of gentle stimulated emission depletion microscopy imaging and deep-learning-based improvements in signal-to-noise ratio enables high-resolution reconstruction of neuronal architecture in living tissue.

Programmable metasurfaces may offer a transformative approach to scalable photonic neural networks by overcoming key hardware limitations. This Perspective explores their potential to enhance energy efficiency, computation speed, and adaptability, positioning them as a promising alternative to traditional digital artificial intelligence hardware.

Single-cell transcriptomic, morphological and electrophysiological characteristics are combined to classify more than 1,300 neurons from mouse motor cortex.

Perfect orthogonality can be imposed on wireless communication channels by using reconfigurable metasurfaces to tune the disorder of their propagation environment.

Whether topological semimetal states can emerge in two-dimensional magnetic materials remains less understood. Here, Niu and Hanke et al. propose the concepts of mixed Weyl and nodal-line semimetallic phases by including the magnetization direction into the topological analysis in two-dimensional ferromagnets.

Combining magnetic and semiconducting properties in a single material offers great technological potential, all the more so if these are coupled with good optical properties. Here, Neumann et al. present a Manganese doped Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite with this trifecta of attributes.

Azacitidine (AZA) treatment is used for patients with myelodysplasias that cannot undergo bone marrow transplantation; however, AZA treatment is only partially effective. Here the authors show synergy of AZA with compounds inhibiting the chromatin regulators CBP and p300, which is mediated by the RNA-dependent functions of AZA affecting protein translation.

Genomic analysis of Plasmodium DNA from 36 ancient individuals provides insight into the global distribution and spread of malaria-causing species during around 5,500 years of human history.

Riebesell et al. introduce Matbench Discovery, a framework to compare machine learning models used to identify stable crystals. Out of several architectures, they find that universal interatomic potentials perform best in the competition.

SLAM seq detects s⁴U incorporation into RNA and, combined with 3′-end RNA-seq, provides insight into RNA turnover.

Mapping fixed brain samples with extracellular labeling and optical microscopy reveals synaptic connections.

Common bean is an evolutionary model for studying adaptive diversity in legumes. Here, the authors present the common bean pangenome based on five high-quality genomes and whole-genome reads of 339 wild and domesticated genotypes, and reveal adaptive gene loss during expansion and domestication.

Methods to train physical neural networks, such as backpropagation-based and backpropagation-free approaches, are explored to allow scaling up of artificial intelligence models far beyond present small-scale laboratory demonstrations, potentially enhancing computational efficiency.

TDP-43 is a nucleic acid binding protein, whose insoluble aggregates are neuropathological hallmarks of specific subsets of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Post-translational modifications and acetylation of TDP-43 impact its interaction with RNA, its localization in the cells, and are linked to disease. Using antibodies generated against TDP-43 lysine acetylation sites, sirtuin-1 was found to potently deacetylate amber suppressed [acK136]TDP-43 and reduce its aggregation propensity. Thus, distinct lysine acetylations modulate nuclear import, RNA binding as well as phase separation and aggregation of TDP-43, suggesting regulatory mechanisms for TDP-43 pathogenesis.

A study in Arabidopsis thaliana shows that the immune receptor-associated cytosolic kinase BIK1 phosphorylates OSCA1.3 and identifies OSCA1.3 as the pathogen-responsive Ca²⁺-permeable channel that regulates stomatal closure.

The first operation of the European X-ray free-electron laser facility accelerator based on superconducting technology is reported. The maximum electron energy is 17.5 GeV. A laser average power of 6 W is achieved at a photon energy of 9.3 keV.

Network activity in primary motor cortex (M1) controls dexterous limb movements. Here, the authors show that the M1 population code varies according to contextual motor demands that are conveyed via the secondary motor cortex (M2).

Carbon markets are key in climate strategies, but only 16% of carbon credits represent real emission reductions, based on a study of 2,346 projects. Reforms are needed to improve the effectiveness of carbon crediting mechanisms in addressing climate change.

Single-particle resolved measurements in an ultracold-atom experiment reveal an intuitive picture of quantum correlations, providing strong constraints on the full density matrix of the two-particle system in the presence of interactions.

Entanglement, which describes non-local correlations between quantum objects, is very difficult to measure, especially in systems of itinerant particles; here spatial entanglement is measured for ultracold bosonic atoms in optical lattices.

Archaeogenetic analysis of 135 individuals from the zone between southeastern Europe and the northwestern Black Sea region indicates contacts between farming and pastoralist populations at the end of the Copper Age.

Fibre-based entanglement distribution represents a key primitive for quantum applications such as QKD. Here, the authors demonstrate it across 248 km of deployed fiber, observing stable detected pair rates of 9 Hz for 110 h.

Eberhard et al. show that SEMA3A regulates liver sinusoidal endothelial cell fenestrations by signaling through NRP1 and LIMK1, revealing a pathway that connects hyperlipidemia to the development of steatotic liver disease.

How TGF-β family members regulate sex determination in teleost fish is unclear. Here they use turquoise killifish to show that Gdf6Y, in addition to its role in skeletal development, specifies the male sex in somatic supporting cells by autocrine signaling.

Attosecond science is a versatile discipline for studying ultrafast dynamics in matter on the microscopic scale. This Perspective explores the theoretical and experimental developments in this field focusing on distinguishing genuinely quantum observations from classical phenomena.

LncRNAs influence endothelial cell function via a number of mechanisms. Here the authors show that the lncRNA GATA6-AS regulates endothelial gene expression through interaction with the nuclear deaminase LOXL2, with functional consequences on endothelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis.

Droplet formation processes are ubiquitous in nature and accompanied by a free-energy barrier. Here, the authors present a numerical approach for a shape-free determination of free-energy barriers and demonstrate on this level an analogy between particle condensation and polymer aggregation.