Oncolytic viruses induce a variety of immune targets in the infected tumours. Here, the authors show that Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) upregulates the inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) on T cells and that intratumoral targeting of ICOS with engineered NDV in combination with CTLA-4 blockade induces systemic anti-tumour immunity in mice.
- Dmitriy Zamarin
- Rikke B. Holmgaard
- James P. Allison
