Nature Search

Microbiota and immune-related adverse events in cancer immunotherapy

Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) complicate cancer immunotherapy, necessitating cancer treatment cessation and management of irAEs. In this Progress article, Schneider et al. highlight the role of the microbiome in driving irAE development and progression, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated colitis, through clinical and preclinical evidence, emphasizing immune and microbial interactions while discussing potential therapeutic strategies to mitigate risks.

Sarah M. Schneider
Christopher Fan
Stephanie S. Watowich
Reviews16 Apr 2026
Nature Reviews Cancer

P: 1-17
Inflammation and mutational burden differentially associated with nivolumab or ipilimumab combination efficacy in colorectal cancer

In the CheckMate 142 study, nivolumab (anti-PD-1) alone and in combination with ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) was shown to induce durable clinical benefit in patients with previously treated microsatellite instability-high/mismatch repair-deficient metastatic colorectal cancer. Here, the authors perform exploratory biomarker analysis of the CheckMate 142 study.

Ming Lei
Michael J. Overman
Scott Kopetz
ResearchOpen Access06 Oct 2025
Nature Communications

Volume: 16, P: 1-12
Microbial signals in primary and metastatic brain tumors

A combination of high-resolution spatial imaging, spatial proteomics and transcriptional data reveals sparse and heterogeneous bacterial signals in gliomas and brain metastases.

Golnaz Morad
Ashish V. Damania
Jennifer A. Wargo
ResearchOpen Access14 Nov 2025
Nature Medicine

Volume: 31, P: 3675-3688
Author Correction: Fecal microbiota transplantation for refractory immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated colitis

Yinghong Wang
Diana H. Wiesnoski
Robert R. Jenq
Amendments and Corrections27 Nov 2018
Nature Medicine

Volume: 25, P: 188
Correction: Corrigendum: Suppression of luteinizing hormone enhances HSC recovery after hematopoietic injury

Enrico Velardi
Jennifer J Tsai
Jarrod A Dudakov
Amendments and Corrections01 Apr 2018
Nature Medicine

Volume: 24, P: 525
Erratum: Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: individualized stem cell and immune therapy of cancer

Robert R. Jenq
Marcel R. M. Van den Brink
Amendments and Corrections03 Mar 2010
Nature Reviews Cancer

Volume: 10, P: 309
Nodal immune flare mimics nodal disease progression following neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer

Granulomatous/sarcoid-like lesions have been reported in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Here the authors report the occurrence of “nodal immune flare”, an apparent radiological cancer progression in the nodes characterized by the absence of cancer and the presence of non-caseating granulomas, in patients with non-small cell lung cancer following neoadjuvant ICI treatment.

Tina Cascone
Annikka Weissferdt
Boris Sepesi
ResearchOpen Access19 Aug 2021
Nature Communications

Volume: 12, P: 1-15
The intestinal microbiota as a key modulator of acute graft-versus-host disease

In this Review, Paredes et al. discuss preclinical and clinical evidence suggesting that the intestinal microbiome influences outcomes of allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation and, in particular, graft-versus-host disease and propose that microbiota-focused approaches may improve these clinical outcomes.

Jenny Paredes
Maren Schmiester
Marcel R. M. van den Brink
Reviews26 Feb 2026
Nature Reviews Cancer

P: 1-23
Jekyll and Hyde flip of the script when bacteria invert gene sequences

If a cell can diversify its own genome, this can be advantageous in the face of changing environmental conditions. Bacteria have been found that can alter encoded proteins by using the trick of sequence inversion inside genes.

Chia-Chi Chang
Robert R. Jenq
News & Views25 Sept 2024
Nature

Volume: 634, P: 42-43
Author Correction: Tumor immunotherapy across MHC barriers using allogeneic T-cell precursors

Johannes L. Zakrzewski
David Suh
Marcel R. M. van den Brink
Amendments and Corrections26 Mar 2024
Nature Biotechnology

Volume: 42, P: 674
Gut microbiome–derived metabolites modulate intestinal epithelial cell damage and mitigate graft-versus-host disease

Irradiation to condition hosts for bone marrow transplantation leads to alterations in intestinal microbiota. Reddy and colleagues demonstrate that these changes result in reduced butyrate production and breakdown of intestinal barrier function.

Nathan D Mathewson
Robert Jenq
Pavan Reddy
Research21 Mar 2016
Nature Immunology

Volume: 17, P: 505-513
Gut microbiota signatures are associated with toxicity to combined CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade

Clinical benefit or intestinal toxicity resulting from combined immune checkpoint blockade in patients with melanoma associates with prevalent commensal bacteria and can be decoupled by IL-1R inhibition.

Miles C. Andrews
Connie P. M. Duong
Jennifer A. Wargo
Research08 Jul 2021
Nature Medicine

Volume: 27, P: 1432-1441
A non-antibiotic-disrupted gut microbiome is associated with clinical responses to CD19-CAR-T cell cancer immunotherapy

Conserved microbiome features across clinical and geographical variations may enable microbiome-based predictions of outcomes in CD19-targeted CAR-T cell immunotherapy

Christoph K. Stein-Thoeringer
Neeraj Y. Saini
Eran Elinav
Research13 Mar 2023
Nature Medicine

Volume: 29, P: 906-916
Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: individualized stem cell and immune therapy of cancer

This Timeline article looks back over 50 years of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation as a cancer therapy, highlighting the substantial advances that have been made to increase the specificity of this treatment for cancer cells, as well as improvements in availability, safety and patient outcomes.

Robert R. Jenq
Marcel R. M. van den Brink
Reviews19 Feb 2010
Nature Reviews Cancer

Volume: 10, P: 213-221
Neoadjuvant nivolumab or nivolumab plus ipilimumab in operable non-small cell lung cancer: the phase 2 randomized NEOSTAR trial

Neoadjuvant treatment with nivolumab plus ipilimumab is well tolerated and demonstrates clinical efficacy in patients with early stage lung cancer.

Tina Cascone
William N. William Jr
Boris Sepesi
Research18 Feb 2021
Nature Medicine

Volume: 27, P: 504-514
Interleukin-22-mediated host glycosylation prevents Clostridioides difficile infection by modulating the metabolic activity of the gut microbiota

In germ-free mice colonized with human microbiota, mucosal IL-22 signaling promotes the growth of succinate-consuming commensal bacteria via host mucus glycosylation, and transplantation of these bacteria limits Clostridioides difficile infection.

Hiroko Nagao-Kitamoto
Jhansi L. Leslie
Nobuhiko Kamada
Research17 Feb 2020
Nature Medicine

Volume: 26, P: 608-617
Fecal microbiota transplantation for refractory immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated colitis

Preliminary evidence from two cases suggests that fecal microbiota transplantation may provide a viable treatment option for a severe adverse effect of immune checkpoint blockade therapy in patients with cancer.

Yinghong Wang
Diana H. Wiesnoski
Robert R. Jenq
Research12 Nov 2018
Nature Medicine

Volume: 24, P: 1804-1808
IL-22-dependent dysbiosis and mononuclear phagocyte depletion contribute to steroid-resistant gut graft-versus-host disease in mice

Pathogenesis of steroid-resistant gut acute graft-versus-host-disease (SR-Gut-aGVHD) remains unclear., Here the authors show in mouse models that dysbiosis caused by the expansion of Th/Tc22, as well as depletion of CX3CR1^hi mononuclear phagocytes resulted from the reduction of Th/Tc1, contributes to SR-Gut-aGVHD onset.

Qingxiao Song
Xiaoning Wang
Defu Zeng
ResearchOpen Access05 Feb 2021
Nature Communications

Volume: 12, P: 1-19
Role of gut flora after bone marrow transplantation

The intestinal microbiota and its interactions with host immunity have been intensely studied in many disease states. This knowledge could ultimately modify clinical management of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which is accompanied by dramatic immunological and microbiota perturbations.

Jonathan U. Peled
Robert R. Jenq
Marcel R. M. van den Brink
Comments & Opinion29 Mar 2016
Nature Microbiology

Volume: 1, P: 1-2
Tumor immunotherapy across MHC barriers using allogeneic T-cell precursors

Johannes L Zakrzewski
David Suh
Marcel R M van den Brink
Research30 Mar 2008
Nature Biotechnology

Volume: 26, P: 453-461
Donor CD19 CAR T cells exert potent graft-versus-lymphoma activity with diminished graft-versus-host activity

Allogeneic chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are capable of inducing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in recipients, yet this is not commonly seen in the clinic. Marcel van den Brink, Michel Sadelain and colleagues show that alloreactive CAR T cells have reduced effector function due to signaling through the CAR and T cell receptor, resulting in reduced GVHD, while the graft-versus-leukemia effect is maintained by non-alloreactive CAR T cells.

Arnab Ghosh
Melody Smith
Marcel R M van den Brink
Research09 Jan 2017
Nature Medicine

Volume: 23, P: 242-249
Implicating or exonerating the gut microbiome in blood-borne infection

StrainSifter is a tool that is able to identify the relatedness of a blood-borne infection to the gut microbiome using single-nucleotide variant data.

Vancheswaran Gopalakrishnan
Robert R. Jenq
News & Views03 Dec 2018
Nature Medicine

Volume: 24, P: 1788-1789
Precision microbiome reconstitution restores bile acid mediated resistance to Clostridium difficile

A fraction of the intestinal microbiota as precise as a single bacterial species confers infection resistance by synthesizing Clostridium difficile-inhibiting metabolites from host-derived bile salts.

Charlie G. Buffie
Vanni Bucci
Eric G. Pamer
Research22 Oct 2014
Nature

Volume: 517, P: 205-208
Associations between the gut microbiome and fatigue in cancer patients

Joud Hajjar
Tito Mendoza
Aung Naing
ResearchOpen Access12 Mar 2021
Scientific Reports

Volume: 11, P: 1-10
Interleukin-22 promotes intestinal-stem-cell-mediated epithelial regeneration

Innate lymphoid cells increase the growth of mouse intestinal organoids via IL-22 production; recombinant IL-22 promotes growth of both mouse and human organoids, and promotes mouse intestinal stem cell (ISC) expansion and ISC-driven organoid growth via a STAT3-dependent pathway and independently of Paneth cells; IL-22 treatment in vivo enhances the recovery of ISCs from intestinal injury.

Caroline A. Lindemans
Marco Calafiore
Alan M. Hanash
Research09 Dec 2015
Nature

Volume: 528, P: 560-564
Suppression of luteinizing hormone enhances HSC recovery after hematopoietic injury

A luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone antagonist, used clinically for sex-steroid inhibition, promotes quiescence of hematopoietic stem cells and thereby promotes hematopoietic recovery and survival of lethally irradiated mice.

Enrico Velardi
Jennifer J Tsai
Jarrod A Dudakov
Research08 Jan 2018
Nature Medicine

Volume: 24, P: 239-246
Intratumoral microbiome of adenoid cystic carcinomas and comparison with other head and neck cancers

Tatiana V. Karpinets
Yoshitsugu Mitani
Adel K. El-Naggar
ResearchOpen Access15 Jul 2024
Scientific Reports

Volume: 14, P: 1-15

Search

Microbiota and immune-related adverse events in cancer immunotherapy

Inflammation and mutational burden differentially associated with nivolumab or ipilimumab combination efficacy in colorectal cancer

Microbial signals in primary and metastatic brain tumors

Author Correction: Fecal microbiota transplantation for refractory immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated colitis

Correction: Corrigendum: Suppression of luteinizing hormone enhances HSC recovery after hematopoietic injury

Erratum: Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: individualized stem cell and immune therapy of cancer

Nodal immune flare mimics nodal disease progression following neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer

The intestinal microbiota as a key modulator of acute graft-versus-host disease

Jekyll and Hyde flip of the script when bacteria invert gene sequences

Author Correction: Tumor immunotherapy across MHC barriers using allogeneic T-cell precursors

Gut microbiome–derived metabolites modulate intestinal epithelial cell damage and mitigate graft-versus-host disease

Gut microbiota signatures are associated with toxicity to combined CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade

A non-antibiotic-disrupted gut microbiome is associated with clinical responses to CD19-CAR-T cell cancer immunotherapy

Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: individualized stem cell and immune therapy of cancer

Neoadjuvant nivolumab or nivolumab plus ipilimumab in operable non-small cell lung cancer: the phase 2 randomized NEOSTAR trial

Interleukin-22-mediated host glycosylation prevents Clostridioides difficile infection by modulating the metabolic activity of the gut microbiota

Fecal microbiota transplantation for refractory immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated colitis

IL-22-dependent dysbiosis and mononuclear phagocyte depletion contribute to steroid-resistant gut graft-versus-host disease in mice

Role of gut flora after bone marrow transplantation

Tumor immunotherapy across MHC barriers using allogeneic T-cell precursors

Donor CD19 CAR T cells exert potent graft-versus-lymphoma activity with diminished graft-versus-host activity

Implicating or exonerating the gut microbiome in blood-borne infection

Precision microbiome reconstitution restores bile acid mediated resistance to Clostridium difficile

Associations between the gut microbiome and fatigue in cancer patients

Interleukin-22 promotes intestinal-stem-cell-mediated epithelial regeneration

Suppression of luteinizing hormone enhances HSC recovery after hematopoietic injury

Intratumoral microbiome of adenoid cystic carcinomas and comparison with other head and neck cancers

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