The stoichiometry of Hrd1, an integral membrane E3 ubiquitin ligase is critical to maintaining proteostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum. Here, the authors establish a single-molecule counting approach coupled with a single-molecule in vitro ubiquitination system to determine the functional stoichiometry of Hrd1.
- Basila Moochickal Assainar
- Kaushik Ragunathan
- Ryan D. Baldridge
