The benefits of lowering LDL-cholesterol levels to prevent clinical events are well-recognized. However, other parameters of the lipoprotein–lipid profile are likely to contribute to cardiovascular risk and should be used in addition to the traditional lipid profile for improved assessment of cardiovascular risk. The authors of this Review discuss alternative and emerging lipid parameters associated with cardiovascular disease that could identify patients at high risk and those who will benefit most from lipid-lowering therapy.
- Benoit J. Arsenault
- S. Matthijs Boekholdt
- John J. P. Kastelein
