This Primer on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) provides an experimental design guide to measure impedance and how these data are analysed. The range of applications that require EIS, from measuring battery performance to electrochemical biosensors, is highlighted. Limitations of the method along with emerging trends in experimental optimizations and data interpretation are also described.
- Shangshang Wang
- Jianbo Zhang
- Mark E. Orazem