Guillaume Peterson St-Laurent et al. introduce the R–R-T (Resistance-Resilience-Transformation) conservation typology that enables the empirical assessment of whether and to what extent a management shift toward transformative action is occurring. They apply the R–R-T scale to 104 adaptation projects and find a shift towards transformation over time and differential responses across ecosystems, with more transformative actions applied in forested ecosystems.
- Guillaume Peterson St-Laurent
- Lauren E. Oakes
- Shannon Hagerman
