Nature Search

Widespread irreversible changes in surface temperature and precipitation in response to CO₂ forcing

For some parts of the climate system, the response to declining CO₂ concentrations does not mirror that during the preceding increase. Here the authors quantify this effect for temperature and precipitation, and show that large areas of the world show an asymmetric response to CO₂ forcing.

Soong-Ki Kim
Jongsoo Shin
Sang-Wook Yeh
ResearchOpen Access01 Sept 2022
Nature Climate Change

Volume: 12, P: 834-840
Emergence of a climate oscillation in the Arctic Ocean due to global warming

Abrupt transitions in the climate system are discussed mostly in terms of mean state changes. Here, the authors use simulations to show that a decline in Arctic sea ice can lead to a new multidecadal mode of surface temperatures in the Arctic Ocean.

Soong-Ki Kim
Soon-Il An
ResearchOpen Access11 Nov 2024
Nature Climate Change

Volume: 14, P: 1268-1274
Decreased Indian Ocean Dipole variability under prolonged greenhouse warming

This study shows that the variability of the Indian Ocean Dipole robustly weakens due to long-term warming. The findings provide compelling evidence for an anthropogenic influence on the Indian Ocean Dipole intensity.

Soong-Ki Kim
Hyo-Jin Park
Jong-Seong Kug
ResearchOpen Access01 Apr 2024
Nature Communications

Volume: 15, P: 1-9
Sub-seasonal impact of El Niño–Southern Oscillation on development of the Indian Ocean Dipole

The Indian Ocean Dipole events co-evolving with El Niño-Southern Oscillation typically have a double peak and a brief pause in early summer due to a sudden decrease in Dipole sensitivity in May and June, attributed to northward rainfall migration, according to analysis of an Indian Ocean Dipole model with observational-reanalysis datasets.

Hyo-Jin Park
Soon-Il An
Soong-Ki Kim
ResearchOpen Access15 May 2025
Communications Earth & Environment

Volume: 6, P: 1-12
Strong El Niño and La Niña precipitation—sea surface temperature sensitivity under a carbon removal scenario

The hysteresis in precipitation-sea surface temperature sensitivity differs between strong El Niño and La Niña phases, with El Niño intensifying and shifting eastward due to deep convection, while La Niña is more equator-centered with a shorter hysteresis period, according to a large ensemble simulation of symmetric CO₂ ramp-up and ramp-down pathways.

Chao Liu
Soon-Il An
Seungmok Paik
ResearchOpen Access19 Dec 2024
Communications Earth & Environment

Volume: 5, P: 1-16
Fokker–Planck dynamics of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation

Soon-Il An
Soong-Ki Kim
Axel Timmermann
ResearchOpen Access01 Oct 2020
Scientific Reports

Volume: 10, P: 1-11
Main drivers of Indian Ocean Dipole asymmetry revealed by a simple IOD model

Soon-Il An
Hyo-Jin Park
Jong-Seong Kug
ResearchOpen Access15 Jul 2023
npj Climate and Atmospheric Science

Volume: 6, P: 1-7
Synchronous decadal climate variability in the tropical Central Pacific and tropical South Atlantic

Chao Liu
Soon-Il An
Jong-Seong Kug
ResearchOpen Access21 Oct 2024
npj Climate and Atmospheric Science

Volume: 7, P: 1-14
Slow and soft passage through tipping point of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in a changing climate

Soong-Ki Kim
Hyo-Jeong Kim
Soon-Il An
ResearchOpen Access11 Feb 2022
npj Climate and Atmospheric Science

Volume: 5, P: 1-10
ENSO skewness hysteresis and associated changes in strong El Niño under a CO₂ removal scenario

Chao Liu
Soon-Il An
Soong-Ki Kim
ResearchOpen Access15 Aug 2023
npj Climate and Atmospheric Science

Volume: 6, P: 1-10
Probabilistic projections of El Niño Southern Oscillation properties accounting for model dependence and skill

Roman Olson
Soong-Ki Kim
Soon-Il An
ResearchOpen Access22 Dec 2022
Scientific Reports

Volume: 12, P: 1-15
A novel approach for discovering stochastic models behind data applied to El Niño–Southern Oscillation

Roman Olson
Soon-Il An
Yanan Fan
ResearchOpen Access29 Jan 2021
Scientific Reports

Volume: 11, P: 1-12
Intensity changes of Indian Ocean dipole mode in a carbon dioxide removal scenario

Soon-Il An
Hyo-Jin Park
Jong-Seong Kug
ResearchOpen Access21 Mar 2022
npj Climate and Atmospheric Science

Volume: 5, P: 1-8

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