It is difficult to measure the turbulent energy in a classical system as the turbulence contributes only a small kinetic energy compared with the enthalpy of the system. A quantum system, however, such as liquid helium at absolute zero, has zero enthalpy. Added vorticity therefore accounts for the total energy, thus allowing the turbulent energy to be measured directly
- D. I. Bradley
- S. N. Fisher
- V. Tsepelin