Measuring a material’s electron-gain or loss tendency is essential for triboelectric devices but remains challenging. Here, the authors present a dual-reference triboelectric sensor combined with deep learning that rapidly estimates surface potential, achieving less than 8% prediction error and about 85% greater accuracy than single-reference methods by compensating for environmental and measurements variations.
- Van Quan Phan
- Viet Anh Cao
- Junghyo Nah
