Small-scale water energy harvesting is crucial for powering distributed electronics sustainably, leveraging water’s ubiquity and mechanical energy. In this Review, the authors discuss advances in nanomaterial design, hybrid transduction mechanisms, and interfacial engineering of triboelectric nanogenerators for energy harvesting, with implications for self-powered sensors and wearables, proposing future research to enhance real-world applications.
- Jiaming Zhou
- Eunjong Kim
- Dong-Myeong Shin
