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Li et al. reveal projection neuron-type-specific dynamics that coordinate corticothalamic communication during reach-to-consume behavior in mice.

Typical quantum error correcting codes assign fixed roles to the underlying physical qubits. Now the performance benefits of alternative, dynamic error correction schemes have been demonstrated on a superconducting quantum processor.

Experimental measurements of high-order out-of-time-order correlators on a superconducting quantum processor show that these correlators remain highly sensitive to the quantum many-body dynamics in quantum computers at long timescales.

Cosmic rays flying through superconducting quantum devices create bursts of excitations that destroy qubit coherence. Rapid, spatially resolved measurements of qubit error rates make it possible to observe the evolution of the bursts across a chip.

The activity of somatostatin-expressing inhibitory neurons (SOMs) in the superficial layers of the mouse visual cortex increases with stimulation of the receptive-field surround, thereby contributing to the surround suppression of pyramidal cells.

Multi-modal analysis is used to generate a 3D atlas of the upper limb area of the mouse primary motor cortex, providing a framework for future studies of motor control circuitry.

In this study, the authors show that all three major classes of GABAergic interneuron form distinct, tight clusters in the cortex. In addition, they find that this clustering effect is not strictly modulated by clonal origin, suggesting a role for local non-cell-autonomous cues.

Tiling describes the arrangement of neuronal processes in a pattern with little or no overlap with those of neighboring neurons. It is unclear how this is mediated in the vertebrate retina, whose mosaic cell body distribution of horizontal cells is accompanied by extensively overlapping dendrites. A study by Huckfeldt et al. now shows that the nonrandom distribution of the horizontal cells is correlated with repulsive homotypic interactions between developmentally transient processes, leading to the development of initial territories of horizontal cell.

A combination of genetic strategies and tools is used to define and fate-map different subtypes of glutamatergic pyramidal neurons according to their developmental and molecular programs, providing insight into the assembly of cortical processing networks.

A high-bandwidth neuromotor interface offers performant out-of-the-box generalization across people.

Multi-omics datasets pose major challenges to data interpretation and hypothesis generation owing to their high-dimensional molecular profiles. Here, the authors develop ActivePathways method, which uses data fusion techniques for integrative pathway analysis of multi-omics data and candidate gene discovery.

Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most frequent paediatric liver tumour with heterogeneous cellular phenotypes that influence clinical outcomes. Here, the authors integrate bulk, single-cell, and spatial multi-omics to characterise HB cells, and find that clonal evolution and epigenetic plasticity shape response to therapy.

This study shows that pyramidal tract (PT) and intratelencephalic (IT) projection neurons process information via distinct parallel subnetworks across cortex, each preferentially associated with either motor events or sensorimotor transformation.

RNA sensing-mediated payload expression provides a specific, versatile, simple and generalizable means of detecting and manipulating animal cells with broad potential applications.

Sparse labelling and whole-brain imaging are used to reconstruct and classify brain-wide complete morphologies of 1,741 individual neurons in the mouse brain, revealing a dependence on both brain region and transcriptomic profile.

The BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network has constructed a multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex in a landmark effort towards understanding brain cell-type diversity, neural circuit organization and brain function.

It is hoped that quantum computers may be faster than classical ones at solving optimization problems. Here the authors implement a quantum optimization algorithm over 23 qubits but find more limited performance when an optimization problem structure does not match the underlying hardware.

Zhang et al. report that the BLA contains ‘hardwired’ positive-valence and negative-valence neurons, which each express Fezf2 but have distinct connectivity. These neurons separately drive learning and expression of avoidance or approach behavior.

Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of blood samples from individuals with COVID-19 reveals immune cell and hematopoietic progenitor cell alterations that are differentially associated with disease severity.

The authors describe an integrated atlas of the diverse cell types in the mouse primary motor cortex.

Different classes of GABAergic interneurons shape the spatiotemporal signalling patterns of neurons in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices. Huang and colleagues review the cellular and molecular mechanisms that specify and modify the development of these inhibitory innervation patterns.

Two below-threshold surface code memories on superconducting processors markedly reduce logical error rates, achieving high efficiency and real-time decoding, indicating potential for practical large-scale fault-tolerant quantum algorithms.

Rett syndrome is associated with impaired synaptic connectivity beginning in early development. Here the authors show in female mice heterozygous forMecp2, a model of Rett syndrome, that during adulthood, auditory cortex plasticity associated with a learned maternal behaviour is also impaired.

A study demonstrating increasing error suppression with larger surface code logical qubits, implemented on a superconducting quantum processor.

A population of spinal interneurons that form axo–axonic connections with the terminals of proprioceptive afferents are shown to mediate presynaptic inhibition; their ablation elicits harmonic oscillations during goal-directed forelimb movements, which can be modelled as the consequence of an increase in sensory feedback gain.

Repetition codes running many cycles of quantum error correction achieve exponential suppression of errors with increasing numbers of qubits.

In this report, the authors demonstrate unique membrane potential dynamics of somatostatin-expressing (SOM) GABAergic neurons in layer 2/3 primary somatosensory barrel cortex of awake behaving mice. SOM neurons hyperpolarized and reduced action potential firing rates during sensorimotor processing, thereby reducing dendritic inhibition in nearby excitatory neurons during active neocortical computation.

Quantum supremacy is demonstrated using a programmable superconducting processor known as Sycamore, taking approximately 200 seconds to sample one instance of a quantum circuit a million times, which would take a state-of-the-art supercomputer around ten thousand years to compute.

This paper describes a single-vector strategy for flexible intersectional expression of genetically encoded reporters and tools in precisely defined cell types in the mouse.

How GABAergic interneurons regulate segregation and integration among pyramidal cells to separate brain networks remains unclear. In this study, the authors show that subsets of chandelier cells in prelimbic area mediate directional inhibitory control of both local pyramidal neuron ensembles and global cortical subnetworks.

The authors show that fear conditioning induces potentiation of excitatory synapses onto somatostatin-positive inhibitory neurons in the lateral division of the central amygdala. Preventing this synaptic potentiation impairs the formation of fear memories, and activation of these neurons is necessary and sufficient for expression of fear memories.

The authors show that mice lacking the gene Erbb4 in somatostatin-expressing (SOM) neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) show selective behavioral deficits in tasks involving switching attention between cues of different sensory modalities. Slice recordings also showed enhanced cortical drive in Erbb4-deficient TRN SOM neurons.

Single cell RNA-sequencing analysis poses challenges in replication due to technical biases and analytic variability among bioinformatics pipelines. Here, Crow et al develop MetaNeighbor for measuring cell-type replication across datasets, and use it to identify marker genes for neuron subtypes with evidence of replication.

The authors find that long-range axons from primary motor cortex (vM1) preferentially recruit vasointestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing interneurons in somatosensory cortex (S1). VIP neurons in turn inhibit somatostatin-expressing interneurons that target the distal dendrites of pyramidal cells in S1. This dis-inhibitory circuit is active during voluntary movement, suggesting that it participates in the modulation of primary cortical sensory processing by motor cortex.

Using a combination of optogenetics, single-cell molecular profiling and paired electrophysiological recordings in the mouse visual cortex, Pfeffer and colleagues derived the connectivity matrix of three major classes of interneurons with their post-synaptic GABAergic targets. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the wiring rules of the inhibition of inhibition in the cortex.

Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons regulate the activation and fate choice of adult neural stem cells.

Cortical inhibitory interneurons expressing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) are shown to specialize in suppressing the activity of other inhibitory interneurons and are activated by reinforcement signals, thus increasing the activity of excitatory neurons by releasing them from inhibition; these results reveal a cell-type-specific microcircuit that tunes cortical activity under certain behavioural conditions.

Inhibiting projections from the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus to a specific division of the amygdala prevents fear conditioning in mice, indicating an important role for the thalamus–amygdala circuit in establishing and maintaining fear responses.

Optogenetic activation of parvalbumin-expressing versus other classes of interneurons is found to have distinct effects on the response properties of individual and populations of excitatory cells, as well as on visual behaviour in awake mice, providing evidence that this specific interneuron subtype has a unique role in visual coding and perception.

The Impact of Genomic Variation on Function Consortium is combining single-cell mapping, genomic perturbations and predictive modelling to investigate relationships between human genomic variation, genome function and phenotypes and will provide an open resource to the community.

A major challenge in neuroscience is the definition of neuronal types. Here, Paul and Huang give an overview of efforts to classify GABAergic cell types, and propose a framework in which cell types are transcriptionally defined communication elements with characteristic input–output properties.