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The PYRIN domain–only protein POP3 inhibits ALR inflammasomes and regulates responses to infection with DNA viruses

Nature Immunology volume 15, pages 343–353 (2014)Cite this article

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Abstract

The innate immune system responds to infection and tissue damage by activating cytosolic sensory complexes called 'inflammasomes'. Cytosolic DNA is sensed by AIM2-like receptors (ALRs) during bacterial and viral infections and in autoimmune diseases. Subsequently, recruitment of the inflammasome adaptor ASC links ALRs to the activation of caspase-1. A controlled immune response is crucial for maintaining homeostasis, but the regulation of ALR inflammasomes is poorly understood. Here we identified the PYRIN domain (PYD)-only protein POP3, which competes with ASC for recruitment to ALRs, as an inhibitor of DNA virus–induced activation of ALR inflammasomes in vivo. Data obtained with a mouse model with macrophage-specific POP3 expression emphasize the importance of the regulation of ALR inflammasomes in monocytes and macrophages.

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Figure 1: POP3 is a previously unknown type I interferon–inducible member of the POP family.
Figure 2: POP3 interacts with ALRs.
Figure 3: Silencing of POP3 in human primary macrophages enhances ALR-mediated release of IL-1β and IL-18.
Figure 4: Monocyte-macrophage lineage–specific expression of POP3 in CD68-POP3 mice.
Figure 5: POP3 expression in BMDMs inhibits cytokine release mediated by AIM2 and IFI16 inflammasomes.
Figure 6: POP3 interacts with AIM2 and IFI16 in BMDMs.
Figure 7: CD68-POP3 mice have impaired AIM2-dependent and viral DNA–induced host defense in vivo.

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Acknowledgements

We thank B.C. Schaefer (Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences) for the promoter of the gene encoding ubiquitin C; J. DeGregori (University of Colorado Health Sciences Center) for the plasmid pLXS-hCARΔcyt; D. Trono (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) for plasmids pMD2.G and psPAX2; K.A. Fitzgerald (University of Massachusetts) for Aim2−/− mice; the Northwestern University Transgenic and Targeted Mutagenesis Laboratory for assistance in generating transgenic mice; and A.D. Radian for the isolation of human macrophages. Supported by the US National Institutes of Health (GM071723, HL097183, AI092490, AI082406, AI099009 and AR064349 to C.S.; AR057532 to A.D., AR050250, AR054796, AI092490 and HL108795 to H.P.; AR064313 to C.M.C.; and T32AR007611 to L.d.A.), the National Cancer Institute (CA060553), the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (AR057216), the American Heart Association (12GRNT12080035 to C.S.), the Arthritis Foundation (AF161715 to S.K.), the American Heart Association (11POST585000 to L.d.A.) and the Solovy/Arthritis Research Society (H.P.).

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  1. Stephanie L Rellick

    Present address: Present address: Center for Neuroscience, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.,

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Sonal Khare, Rojo A Ratsimandresy, Lúcia de Almeida, Carla M Cuda, Alexander V Misharin, Melissa C Wallin, Anu Gangopadhyay, Harris Perlman, Andrea Dorfleutner & Christian Stehlik

  2. Program in Cancer Cell Biology, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA

    Stephanie L Rellick

  3. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Eleonora Forte & Eva Gottwein

  4. Apoptosis and Cell Death Research Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA

    John C Reed

  5. Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland

    John C Reed

  6. Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    David R Greaves

  7. Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center and Skin Disease Research Center, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Christian Stehlik

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Contributions

A.D. and C.S. designed the research; S.K., R.A.R., L.d.A., C.M.C., S.L.R., A.V.M., M.C.W. and A.G. did experiments; E.F., E.G., H.P., J.C.R. and D.R.G. provided reagents, expertise and advice; S.K., R.A.R., L.d.A., C.M.C., A.V.M., H.P., A.D. and C.S. analyzed results; S.K., A.D. and C.S. wrote the paper; and A.D. and C.S. conceived of the study, designed the experiments and provided overall direction.

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Correspondence to Andrea Dorfleutner or Christian Stehlik.

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Integrated supplementary information

Supplementary Figure 1 POP3 is a previously undescribed gene located between IFI16 and IFIX.

(a) cDNA showing the open reading frame of POP3 (Genbank accession number: KF562078) (b) A nucleotide BLAST (blastn) analysis against the assembled human RefSeq genomes (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) detailing the genomic location of POP3 within the HIN-200 cluster flanked by IFI16 and PYHIN1 on human chromosome 1q23.

Supplementary Figure 2 POP3 shows characteristic features of PYDs present in HIN-200 proteins.

(a) Amino acid sequence of POP3. The PYD is shaded grey. The predicted α-helices are marked with blue lines (bottom), while the corresponding α-helices of AIM2, as determined by crystal structure1, are marked with a red line (top). (b) ClustalW alignment of the amino acid sequences corresponding to the PYDs of POP3 and human HIN-200 members. (c) ClustalW alignment of all human PYDs. The characteristic amino acid motifs found in HIN-200 members, which are also present in POP3, are highlighted in yellow. (d) Phylogenetic tree cluster analysis of sequences used in b. The HIN-200 cluster, which includes POP3 is highlighted in yellow.

Supplementary Figure 3 Silencing of POP3 specifically affects the AIM2 inflammasome.

(a, c, d) hMΦ were transfected with either control or a, POP3#2 or c, d, POP3 siRNAs and infected with MVA or transfected with poly(dA:dT) as indicated for 16 h and analyzed for a, mature IL-1β and c, IL-6 by ELISA (n = 3 ± s.e.m.) and d, TCL from Figure 3f, were analyzed in parallel for expression of AIM2 and IFI16 by immunoblot. (b, f) THP-1 cells were transfected with siRNAs as above, and infected with MVA, transfected with poly(dA:dT) or treated with MSU or SiO2, as indicated for 16 h and analyzed for b, IL-1β secretion and f, IFN-b by ELISA (n = 3 ± s.e.m.). (e, g) THP-1 (GFP) and THP-1 (GFP-POP3) cells were analyzed for secretion of e, TNFα and g, IFN-β in response to MVA and MCMV infection, transfection of poly(dA:dT) and treatment with MSU as indicated by ELISA (n = 3 ± s.e.m.). (h) The POP3 antibody does not cross-react with other POP family members. HEK293 cells were transfected with Myc-tagged POP1, POP2 and POP3 and immunoprobed with our custom POP1, POP2 and POP3-specific antibodies. (i) The POP3 antibody does not cross-react with the related PYDs of AIM2 and IFI16. HEK293 cells were transfected with GFP or RFP-tagged POP3, AIM2-PYD and IFI16-PYD and immunoprobed with our POP3 antibody and with GFP and RFP antibodies as control. * denotes a cross-reactive protein. Data are representative of 3 experiments (a), 2 experiments (b-d, f) and 1 experiment (e, g-i). (a) *P<0.0001, **P=0.0049; (b) *P=0.0199, **P=0.0495; (f) *P<0.0001; (g) *P=0.0031, **P=0.0161, ***P=0.0013;.

Supplementary Figure 4 Gating strategy for immunophenotyping of peripheral blood and peritoneal lavage cells.

(a) Peripheral blood cells and (b) peritoneal lavage cells obtained 6 h after MCMV infection were gated according to established cell surface markers, as indicated.

Supplementary Figure 5 Validation of POP3 function in mouse macrophages.

(a) Thioglycollate-elicited PM were isolated by peritoneal lavage, transfected with poly(dA:dT) for 16 h and analyzed for mature IL-1β by ELISA (n = 3 ± s.e.m.). (b) BMDM isolated from a 2nd line of CD68-POP3 TG mice were infected with MVA, treated with LPS/ATP or transfected with poly(dA:dT) for 16 h and analyzed for mature IL-1β by ELISA (n = 3 ± s.e.m.). (c) BMDM of UbiC-hCAR TG mice were immunoprobed for expression of hCARΔcyt using HEK293 cells transiently transfected with hCARΔcyt as a control. (d) WT (top panel) and UbiC-hCAR TG (bottom panel) BMDM were infected with increasing MOI of a GFP-expressing AdV and analyzed by fluorescence and phase contrast microscopy. (e) UbiC-hCAR TG BMDM were infected with low MOI of AdV expressing GFP or GFP-POP3 and transfected 48 h later with poly(dA:dT) or infected with MVA for 16 h and analyzed for secreted IL-1β by ELISA. (f) WT and POP3 transgenic BMDM were infected with MVA and analysed for mRNA expression of IL1ra and Il18bp (n=3 ± s.e.m.). Data are representative of two (a-c, e) and one (d, f) experiments. (b) ***P=0.0097, **P=0.0038; (e) ***P=0.0001, **P=0.0058; (f) *P=0.0029 (Il1ra); *P=0.0009 (Il18bp).

Supplementary Figure 6 Gating strategy for immunophenotyping of splenocytes.

Splenocytes obtained 36 h after MCMV infection were gated according to established cell surface markers, as indicated.

Supplementary Figure 7 POP3 does not ameliorate MSU-induced peritonitis.

(a) WT and CD68-POP3 TG mice were i.p. injected with PBS or MSU crystals (10 mg/mouse) and mice were imaged for MPO activity in vivo 5 h later (n=3-7), showing representative examples. (b) Model of the type I IFN-induced regulatory loop of cytosolic DNA-induced inflammasome response that involves POP3. (a) Data are representative of one experiment.

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Khare, S., Ratsimandresy, R., de Almeida, L. et al. The PYRIN domain–only protein POP3 inhibits ALR inflammasomes and regulates responses to infection with DNA viruses. Nat Immunol 15, 343–353 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2829

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