Kidney transplantation is the best therapy for kidney failure, but is limited by donor organ availability and the risks associated with immunosuppression. Studies in 2022 provided encouraging data about the outcomes of COVID-19 among transplant recipients, the effects of changes to organ allocation policy in the US and progress in xenotransplantation, raising hope that the organ shortage can be solved.
Key advances
-
Organ transplantation is not an independent risk factor for death from COVID-19 when data are adequately adjusted for other comorbidities3.
-
The performance of US Organ Procurement Organizations is not driven by the organ acceptance and utilization rates of local transplant centres5; policy changes could increase organ recovery, allocation and utilization.
-
Successful transplantation of genetically modified pig kidneys into recently deceased humans is encouraging for the potential future of clinical xenotransplantation7,8.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Relevant articles
Open Access articles citing this article.
-
Construction and validation of a predictive model for the acceptance of kidney xenotransplantation among patients awaiting kidney transplantation: a cross-sectional study from China
BMC Medical Ethics Open Access 09 July 2025
-
Inhibition of liver cancer cell growth by metabolites S-adenosylmethionine and nicotinic acid originating from liver progenitor cells
Journal of Gastroenterology Open Access 28 February 2025
Access options
Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals
Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription
$32.99 / 30 days
cancel any time
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$189.00 per year
only $15.75 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on SpringerLink
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

References
Baek, M. S., Lee, M.-T., Kim, W.-Y., Choi, J. C. & Jung, S.-Y. COVID-19-related outcomes in immunocompromised patients: a nationwide study in Korea. PLoS One 16, e0257641 (2021).
Suárez-García, I. et al. In-hospital mortality among immunosuppressed patients with COVID-19: analysis from a national cohort in Spain. PLoS One 16, e0255524 (2021).
Gatti, M. et al. Clinical outcome in solid organ transplant recipients affected by COVID-19 compared to general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 28, 1057–1065 (2022).
Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network data (OPTN, accessed 27 October 2022); https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/data/
Doby, B. L. et al. Examining utilization of kidneys as a function of procurement performance. Am. J. Transplant. 22, 1614–1623 (2022).
Lentine, K. L. et al. OPTN/SRTR 2020 Annual Data Report: Kidney. Am. J. Transplant. 22 (Suppl. 2), 21–136 (2022).
Porrett, P. M. et al. First clinical-grade porcine kidney xenotransplant using a human decedent model. Am. J. Transplant. 22, 1037–1053 (2022).
Montgomery, R. A. et al. Results of two cases of pig-to-human kidney xenotransplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 386, 1889–1898 (2022).
Griffith, B. P. et al. Genetically modified porcine-to-human cardiac xenotransplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 387, 35–44 (2022).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
D.J.A. and J.D.L. receive grant funding from United Therapeutics and its subsidiaries Lung Biotechnology and Revivicor. D.J.A. and J.D.L. receive grant funding from Hansa Biopharma. J.D.L. is a consultant for Sanofi.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Anderson, D.J., Locke, J.E. Progress towards solving the donor organ shortage. Nat Rev Nephrol 19, 83–84 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-022-00664-y
Published:
Issue date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-022-00664-y
This article is cited by
-
Construction and validation of a predictive model for the acceptance of kidney xenotransplantation among patients awaiting kidney transplantation: a cross-sectional study from China
BMC Medical Ethics (2025)
-
Inhibition of liver cancer cell growth by metabolites S-adenosylmethionine and nicotinic acid originating from liver progenitor cells
Journal of Gastroenterology (2025)
-
Analysis of research trends and hotspots in the primary treatment of end-stage renal disease
International Urology and Nephrology (2024)