Table 1 Differential diagnoses of NDI

From: International expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (arginine vasopressin resistance)

Diagnosis

Distinguishing characteristics

Refs.

Acquired NDI

Adult onset, induced by lithium intake

1,7,15,29,53

Central DI (AVP deficiency)

Response to DDAVP

1,15,18,29,35,38,43

Primary polydipsia

Response to water deprivation

1,15,18,29,35,38,91

Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus

High urine osmolality

Hyperglycaemia

Glucosuria

1,15,38,91

Secondary forms of inherited NDI

Bartter syndrome, types 1, 2 or 5

Polyhydramnios, prematurity, hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis

1,7,18,29,43,53,91

dRTA

Acidosis

Hypercalciuria or nephrocalcinosis

1,91

Nephronophthisis and ciliopathies

CKD

Associated anomalies (eyes, liver, kidney cysts)

1,29,91

Apparent mineralocorticoid excess

Alkalosis

Hypertension

Hypercalciuria or nephrocalcinosis

1,7,91

  1. CKD, chronic kidney disease; DDAVP, 1‐deamino‐8‐D‐arginine vasopressin or desmopressin; DI, diabetes insipidus; dRTA, distal renal tubular acidosis; NDI, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
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