Extended Data Fig. 9: Theoretical modeling for determining the maximum traction force between the freezing droplet and the base.
From: Freezing droplet ejection by spring-like elastic pillars
a, Schematics showing a snapshot of the separation process between a freezing droplet and the base of SES. b, The variation of the normalized traction force \({(F}_{{\rm{t}}}/\uppi {R}_{{\rm{p}}}^{2}{P}_{{\rm{atm}}})\) with the radius ratio between the inner and outer contact edges for different \({R}_{{\rm{b}}}/{R}_{{\rm{p}}}\). Here, the normalized fracture toughness of the interface was assumed as \(\frac{{{\mathscr{K}}}_{{\rm{Ic}}}}{{P}_{{\rm{atm}}}\sqrt{{R}_{{\rm{p}}}}\,}=0.5\) with \({{\mathscr{K}}}_{{\rm{Ic}}}\) being the critical stress intensity factor for interfacial delamination. c, Dependence of the maximum normalized traction force (the peak values on the curves in b\()\) on the radius ratio between the base and pillar \(({R}_{{\rm{b}}}/{R}_{{\rm{p}}})\).
